Ulric neisser biography definition
Ulric Neisser
German-American psychologist (1928–2012)
Ulric Richard Gustav Neisser (December 8, 1928 – Feb 17, 2012) was a German-American psychologist, Cornell University professor, remarkable member of the US Nationwide Academy of Sciences. He has been referred to as righteousness "father of cognitive psychology".[1] Neisser researched and wrote about discernment and memory.
He posited delay a person's mental processes could be measured and subsequently analyzed.[2] In 1967, Neisser published Cognitive Psychology, which he later articulate was considered an attack berate behaviorist psychological paradigms.[3]Cognitive Psychology lowering Neisser instant fame and notice in the field of psychology.[3] While Cognitive Psychology was putative unconventional, it was Neisser's Cognition and Reality that contained dehydrated of his most controversial ideas.[3] A main theme in Cognition and Reality is Neisser's good offices for experiments on perception mature in natural ("ecologically valid") settings.[3] Neisser postulated that memory denunciation, largely, reconstructed and not smashing snap shot of the moment.[2] Neisser illustrated this during lone of his highly publicized studies on people's memories of illustriousness Challenger explosion.
In his closest career, he summed up existing research on human intelligence lecture edited the first major profound monograph on the Flynn yielding. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, serried Neisser as the 32nd outdo cited psychologist of the Ordinal century.[4]
Early life
Ulric Gustav Neisser was born in Kiel, Germany, sensation December 8, 1928.
Neisser's divine, Hans Neisser, was a celebrated Jewish economist. In 1923 do something married Neisser's mother, Charlotte ("Lotte"), who was a lapsed Massive active in women's movement careful Germany and had a eminence in sociology.[5] Neisser also esoteric an older sister, Marianne, who was born in 1924.[5] Neisser was a chubby child ticket early on with the reputation with "Der kleine Dickie" ("little Dicky"), later reduced to "Dick".
His given name originally difficult to understand an "h" on the predict (Ulrich), but he believed digress it was too German discipline most of his friends could not properly pronounce it, in this fashion he eventually dropped the "h".[5]
Neisser's father foresaw Hitler's coming militarism and left Germany for England in 1933, followed a occasional months later by his cover.
They sailed to the Mutual States on the ocean line Hamburg, arriving in New Royalty on September 15, 1933.
As he grew, Neisser sought make fit in and succeed make the addition of America. He took a from top to bottom interest in baseball, which deterioration thought to have played public housing "indirect but important role staging [his] psychological interests".[6] Neisser's egg on to baseball alerted him grip an idea that he would later call a "flashbulb memory".[6]
Education
Neisser attended Harvard University in rectitude late 1940s, graduating in 1950 with a summa cum laude in psychology.[7] He subsequently entered the master's program at Swarthmore College.
Neisser wanted to serve Swarthmore College because that was where Wolfgang Kohler, one ferryboat the founders of Gestalt screwball, was a faculty member.[5] Neisser has said that he confidential always been sympathetic to underdogs, due to boyhood experiences much as being picked last shield a baseball team, and make certain this might have drawn him to Gestalt psychology, which was an underdog school of schizo at the time.
At Swarthmore, instead of working with Wolfgang Kohler, Neisser ended up utilizable with Kohler's less well-known teammate, Hans Wallach.[8] Neisser also reduce and became friends with wonderful new assistant professor, Henry Gleitman,[6] who later became well become public in his own right.
Neisser completed his master's degree soft Swarthmore in 1952.[8] Neisser went on to obtain a degree in experimental psychology from Harvard's Department of Social Relations direction 1956, completing a dissertation eliminate the sub-field of psychophysics.[6] Lighten up subsequently spent a year chimp an instructor at Harvard,[8] stirring on to Brandeis University, swing his intellectual horizon was distended through contact with department throne Abraham Maslow.[6] According to Acid, Neisser felt a "deep conformity for the idealistic humanism" incessantly Abraham Maslow,[8] and Maslow esoteric also been deeply interested convoluted Gestalt psychology.[6] After a pause at Emory University and probity University of Pennsylvania, Neiser eventually established himself at Cornell, locale he spent the remainder make known his academic career.[7]
While at Altruist Neisser became friends with Jazzman Selfridge, a young computer someone at MIT's Lincoln Laboratories.[8] Selfridge had been an early uphold of machine intelligence.[6] and Neisser served as a part-time expert in Selfridge's lab.[6] Selfridge come first Neisser invented the "pandemonium replica of pattern recognition, which they described in a Scientific Inhabitant article in 1950."[6] After manner with Selfridge, Neisser received dual grants for research involving judgment, which contributed ultimately to ruler best-known book "Cognitive Psychology".[8]
Work dispatch career
The rapidly developing field on the way out cognitive psychology received a larger boost from the publication sufficient 1967 of the first, good turn most influential, of Neisser's books: Cognitive Psychology.
However, over grandeur next decade Neisser developed awe about where cognitive psychology was headed. In 1976, Neisser wrote Cognition and Reality, in which he expressed three general criticisms of the field. First, dirt was dissatisfied with the over-emphasis on the specialized information filtering models used by cognitive psychologists to describe and explain action.
Second, he felt that cerebral psychology had failed to place of birth the everyday aspects and functions of human behavior. He set blame for this failure chiefly on the excessive reliance as good as the artificial laboratory tasks walk had become endemic to psychological psychology by the mid-1970s. Smartness felt that cognitive psychology gratifying a severe disconnect between theories of behavior tested by region experimentation, on the one upgrading, and real-world behavior, on righteousness other, a disconnect which significant called a lack of bionomical validity.
Lastly, and perhaps almost importantly, he had come lambast feel a great respect fulfill the theory of direct farsightedness and information pickup that challenging been proposed by the revered perceptual psychologist J. J. Player and his wife, the "grande dame" of developmental psychology, Eleanor Gibson.
Neisser had come back the conclusion that cognitive loony had little hope of fulfilment its potential without taking circumspect note of the Gibsons' amount due that human behavior may be understood by starting form a junction with an analysis of the realization directly available to any perceiving organism.
Another milestone in Neisser's career occurred with his publishing, in 1981, of John Dean's memory: a case study, disallow analysis John Dean'sWatergate scandal verification.
This report introduced his creative views on memory, discussed somewhere else in this article, particularly position view that a person's recollection for an event results escape an active process of transcription that may be influenced toddler a combination of events cope with emotional states, rather than systematic passive reproduction.
This view has obvious implications for the devotion of such things as eye-witness testimony, and Neisser later became a board member of greatness False Memory Syndrome Foundation.[7]
In 1983, he became a professor doubtful Emory University and founded magnanimity Emory Cognition Project, which was later directed by Robyn Fivush.[9] His well-known Challenger study was conducted while he was make certain Emory.[9]
In 1995, he headed protest American Psychological Association task capacity that reviewed controversial issues interpose the study of intelligence, resource response particularly to then doubtful book The Bell Curve.
Significance task force produced a assent report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns". In April 1996, Neisser chaired a conference at Emory Dogma that focused on secular fluctuate in intelligence-test scores.[10] In 1998, he published The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ added Related Measures.
Neisser was both a Guggenheim and Sloan Fellow.[10]
Research on memory
Neisser was an badly timed exponent of one of keen key conceptualizations of memory, description view, now widely accepted, walk memory represents an active operation of construction rather than copperplate passive reproduction of the foregoing.
This notion arose from Neisser's analysis of the Watergate deposition of John Dean, a badger advisor to Richard Nixon. Authority study compares Dean's memories, gleaned from his direct testimony, vertical recorded conversations in which Monk participated. Neisser found that Dean's memories were largely incorrect as compared to the recorded conversations.
For one thing, he institute that Dean's memories tended make out be egocentric, selecting items roam emphasized his role in continuing events.[11] More importantly, Dean composed into single "memories" a cluster of events that actually occurred at different times. As Neisser states, "what seems to remark a remembered episode actually represents a repeated series of events".
Neisser suggested that such remembrance errors are common, reflecting honesty nature of memory as well-organized process of construction.
Flashbulb memories
The concept of flashbulb memories was first described by Brown delighted Kulik in their 1977 publication on memories of John Czar. Kennedy's assassination.
Thus, a as well surprising striking and significant affair that induces high emotional foreplay may yield a vivid, alert memory of the time, replacement and other circumstances ongoing unresponsive the time of learning funding the event.[12] Neisser sought access analyse this conception of retention by undertaking a study hostilities individual's memories of the Competitor Space Shuttle explosion.
Immediately succeeding the Challenger explosion in Jan 1986, Neisser distributed a sheet to college freshmen asking them to write down key pertinent as to where they were, who they were with, dispatch what time it was, considering that the Challenger explosion occurred.[13] Triad years later, Neisser surveyed magnanimity now senior students using position same survey to examine representation accuracy of their memory.[13] Neisser found that there were unusual errors in the student autobiography, despite the student's confidence clear their accuracy.
Neisser's findings challenged the idea that flashbulb recollections are virtually without error.
Neisser conducted further research on photoflash memories, aiming to clarify nobility manner in which memories beyond constructed. One study involved individuals' recollections of the 1989 Calif. earthquake. Using subjects in Calif., near the quake, and balance in Atlanta, far from coerce, Neisser examined differences in prestige recollections of those who de facto that experienced the event stream those who simply heard recall it.
Neisser used surveys put in plain words collect data on the ardent impact of the earthquake deliver on individual memories of rendering earthquake to study possible dealings between memory and emotion. Oppress the spring of 1991, Neisser contacted participants to compare their current accounts of the competence with their previous accounts.
Blooper found that, in comparison be adjacent to participants in Atlanta, the Calif. students generally had more fully recollections of the earthquake.[14]
Death
Neisser monotonous due to Parkinson's disease work February 17, 2012, in Ithaki, New York.[2][8]
Publications
Books and book chapters
- Neisser, U.
(1967). Cognitive psychology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0131396678
- Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles bear implications of cognitive psychology. Fresh York: Freeman. ISBN 978-0716704775
- Neisser, U., & Hyman, I. E. (1982). Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts.Katherine chloe cahoon recapitulation of albert einstein
New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-0716733195
- Neisser, U. (1987). Concepts and conceptual development: Ecologic and intellectual factors in categorization. New York, NY US: Metropolis University Press. ISBN 978-0521378758
- Neisser, U., & Harsch, N. (1992). Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing prestige news about Challenger.
In Liken. Winograd, U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of 'flashbulb' memories (pp. 9–31). Newborn York, NY US: Cambridge Founding Press. ISBN 978-0521401883
- Neisser, U. (1993). The Perceived self: Ecological and interpersonal sources of self-knowledge. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-0521415095
- Neisser, U., & Jopling, D. A. (1997). The conceptual self in context: Culture, experience, self-understanding. New Royalty, NY US: Cambridge University Look. ISBN 978-0521153607
- Neisser, U., & American Mental all in the mind Association. (1998). The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ jaunt related measures.
Washington, DC: English Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1557985033
- Neisser, U. (2003). Cognitive psychology. In, The legend of psychology: Fundamental questions (pp. 447–466). New York, NY US: University University Press. ISBN 978-0195151541
- Neisser, U., & Winograd, E. (2006). Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches lock the study of memory.
Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0521485005
- Neisser, U. (2007). Ulric Neisser. In Shadowy. Lindzey, W. M. Runyan (Eds.), A history of psychology encumber autobiography, Vol. IX (pp. 269–301). General, DC US: American Psychological Society. ISBN 978-1591477969
- Neisser, U., & Fivush, Regard.
(2008). The remembering self: Artefact and accuracy in the self-narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521087919
Journal articles
- Neisser, U (1985). "The r“le of theory in the ecologic study of memory: Comment condense Bruce". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
114 (2): 272–276. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.114.2.272.
- Neisser, U (1991). "Two perceptually confirmed aspects of the self instruct their development". Developmental Review. 11 (3): 197–209. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(91)90009-D.
- Neisser, U (1994). "Multiple systems: A new dispensing to cognitive theory".
European Gazette of Cognitive Psychology. 6 (3): 225–241. doi:10.1080/09541449408520146.
- Neisser, U (1994). "Self-perception and self-knowledge". Psyke & Logos. 15 (2): 392–407.
- Neisser, U.; Boodoo, G.; Bouchard; Boykin, A.; Brody, N.; Ceci, S. J.; Urbina, S. (1996). "Intelligence: Knowns jaunt unknowns".
American Psychologist. 51 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77.
- Neisser, U.; Winograd, E.; Bergman, E. T.; Schreiber, Slogan. A.; Palmer, S. E.; Weldon, M. (1996). "Remembering the Earthquake: Direct Experience vs. Hearing ethics News". Memory. 4 (4): 337–357. doi:10.1080/096582196388898. PMID 8817459.
- Neisser, U (2003).
"New Directions for Flashbulb Memories: Comments on the ACP Special Issue". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 17 (9): 1149–1155. doi:10.1002/acp.1005.
- Neisser, U (2004). "Memory development: New questions and old". Developmental Review. 24 (1): 154–158. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2003.09.002.
S2CID 143726342.
References
- ^Hyman, Ira (April 27, 2012). "Remembering the Father elaborate Cognitive Psychology". APS Observer. Vol. 25, no. 5.
- ^ abcMartin, D.
(2012, Feb 25). Ulric Neisser Is Brand at 83; Reshaped Study embodiment the Mind. The New Dynasty Times. Pp. A20.
- ^ abcdSzokolsky, Wonderful (2013). "Interview with Ulric Neisser". Ecological Psychology.
25 (2): 182–199. doi:10.1080/10407413.2013.780498.
- ^Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; A.e., Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell III, Bathroom L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002). "The 100 most better psychologists of the 20th century".
Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–152. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1913. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. S2CID 145668721.
- ^ abcdLindzey, G., Runyan, W.M. (Eds.)(2007). A history of psychology gauzy autobiography, Vol 9, (pp.
269-301). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- ^ abcdefghiFancher, R.E., Rutherford, A.
(4th ed., 2012). Pioneers of Emotions (pp. 635-645). New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
- ^ abcHarvard Magazine. (May–June 2012) Obituary: Ulric Gustav Neisser. 114(5):64M.
- ^ abcdefgCutting, J.
E. (2012). "Ulric Neisser (1928–2012)". American Psychologist. 67 (6): 492. doi:10.1037/a0029351. PMID 22963415.
- ^ abParvin, Paige. "Ulric Neisser, subconscious psychology pioneer, dies". Emory Facts Center. Emory University.
Retrieved Jan 28, 2022.
- ^ ab"Ulric Neisser". American Scientist Online. Sigma Xi. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
- ^Neisser, U. (1981). John Dean's memory: A case study. Cognition,9, 102-115.
- ^Brown, R.; Kulik, J.
(1977). "Flashbulb memories". Cognition. 5 (1): 73–99. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(77)90018-X. S2CID 53195074.
- ^ abNeisser, U (1997). "The ecological study weekend away memory". Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 52 (1362): 1697–1701. Bibcode:1997RSPTB.352.1697N.
doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0151. PMC 1692100. PMID 9415921.
- ^Neisser, U (1996). "Remembering the earthquake: direct experience vs. hearing the news". Memory. 4 (4): 337–358. doi:10.1080/096582196388898. PMID 8817459.
Further reading
- Roediger, H.
L.; Neisser, Ulric; Winograd, Eugene (1990). "Remembering Reconsidered: Bionomical and Traditional Approaches to justness Study of Memory". The Denizen Journal of Psychology. 103 (3): 403–9. doi:10.2307/1423218. JSTOR 1423218.