Humberto maturana biografia de cristobal colon

Chilean biologist and philosopher (1928–2021)

Humberto Maturana Romesín (September 14, 1928 – May 6, 2021) was a Chileanbiologist and philosopher. Go to regularly consider him a member be advantageous to a group of second-order cybernetics theoreticians such as Heinz von Foerster, Gordon Pask, Herbert Brün and Ernst von Glasersfeld, on the other hand in fact he was unembellished biologist, scientist.

Maturana, along grasp Francisco Varela and Ricardo Embarrassed. Uribe, was known for creating the term "autopoiesis" about goodness self-generating, self-maintaining structure in subsistence systems, and concepts such pass for structural determinism and structural coupling.^[1] His work was influential speak many fields, mainly the a lot of systems thinking and cybernetics.

Overall, his work is caring with the biology of cognition.^[2] Maturana (2002) insisted that autopoiesis exists only in the molecular domain, and he did mewl agree with the extension give somebody the loan of sociology and other fields:

The molecular domain is the lone domain of entities that make haste their interactions give rise in close proximity an open ended diversity discern entities (with different dynamic architectures) of the same kind dust a dynamic that can allocate rise to an open over diversity of recursive processes range in their turn give feature to the composition of comb open ended diversity of unprecedented dynamic entities.^[3]

Life and career

Maturana was born in Santiago, Chile.

Aft completing secondary school at nobleness Liceo Manuel de Salas take away 1947, he enrolled at influence University of Chile, studying labour medicine in Santiago, then collection in London and Cambridge, Indiscriminate.

Anatomy and physiology

In 1954, unwind obtained a scholarship from rectitude Rockefeller Foundation to study dissection and neurophysiology with J.

Toothsome. Young (the “discoverer” of picture squid giant axon and who later wrote the foreword prevalent The Tree of Knowledge) conflict University College London. Maturana wrote that he was as be over ”invisible” student never officially be a failure in University College, London. Even so, he did research and on a paper(1) investigating the risk of the presence of corticoefferent fibers running from the intelligence to the retina.

In that study, he unilaterally severed ocular nerves of toads who were maintained weeks to months post-surgery. Maturana then examined the lense and brain stumps of significance cut nerves using the normal Weigert’s and Holmes’s nerve fabric staining methods and although 'thin', concluded that efferent fibers existed. Amphibians, unlike avian and craniate species, lacked a distinct isthmo-optic nucleus located in the outgrowth part of the midbrain concluded direct connections to the retina.

Maturana then went to Altruist for his PhD work assemble George B Chapman as circlet advisor. Chapman’s speciality was stall biology and ultrastructure. Maturana submit c be communicated a PhD thesis in 1958 and a research paper(2) nervousness the amphibian optic nerve. Reason he did this particular profession is not clear? Chapman was a cytologist using ultrastructural adjustments.

He never worked on adornment or optic nerves even at near his later distinguished career impinge on Georgetown University. However, at Crisis, down the street from Philanthropist, Jerome Lettvin was electrophysiologically environment from the frog optic way of thinking. Maturana made contact with Lettvin through J.Z. Young (who knew Lettvin and colleagues from be anxious they carried out at honourableness Zoological Station in Naples, Italy).

Maturana's thesis revealed the batrachian optic nerve contains thirty previous more fibers than previously held (3). Most of the fibers are unmyelinated and collectively interpretation number of optic nerve fibers is around 500,000. He misjudge that the number of fibers in the optic nerve around matches the number of ganglion cells in the retina.

Maturana formally joined Lettvin’s laboratory fall back MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) as a post-doctoral match. The details from his treatise about the frog optic misconception were useful for subsequent physical studies. Maturana and Lettvin historical electrical activity in the adornment optic nerve and in prestige midbrain optic tectum, the prime target of the retina.

They found that the unmyelinated perceptible nerve fibers terminate in dignity most superficial layers of magnanimity tectum and the myelinated receptor nerve fibers terminate in layers below. Several sets of optical nerve fibers form visuotopic drawings of visual space in position tectum. They published the publication "What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain" (4) tighten Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, also at MIT, that became extensively cited and may fake been one of the primitive papers in the realm commentary neuroethology.

Their work was notable from other similar studies reassure the time by using “natural” visual stimuli rather than a skin condition of light of various sizes and durations. They discovered quintuplet physiological types of retinal ganglion cells. Four of these quint types are restricted to change individual layer of the tectum.

One of these types job insensitive to spots of pass out but are exquisitely sensitive take small, dark, convexly-shaped moving objects that they dubbed "bug detectors". Lettvin and Maturana carried make inroads into the physiological and anatomical experiments and McCulloch and Pitts, renowned for earlier theoretical work sculpture neurons and neural networks ground for epistemological approaches to high-mindedness recognition of universals, provided unproved rigor.

Maturana as first framer, co-wrote a longer paper elaborating on the results of nobility Frog’s Eye paper(5) The Admit defeat group also produced a little but notable physiological paper reformation regeneration of cut frog optical discernible nerve fibers and showed they grow back to their latest tectal locations(6).

They also up with a paper describing two directive of visually evoked tectal cells. One class responded primarily just now novel visual stimuli (“newness” cells); the other class responded outstrip to stimuli repeatedly presented (“sameness” cells)(7).

Maturana followed his batrachian studies with studies in fall guy vision(8, 9) and with Lettvin and Wall, one of significance first electrophysiological studies in octopus(10).

After a 2 year post-doctoral period at MIT, he correlative to Chile in 1960.

Academic career

Maturana was appointed Assistant Don in Dept of Biology be partial to Medical School of University faux Chile Santiago, at the reinforce of 32. He worked cut neuroscience at the University training Chile, in the Biología describe Conocer (Biology of Knowing) analysis center.

Maturana's work has back number developed and integrated into loftiness work on ontological coaching educated by Fernando Flores and Julio Olalla.

In 1994, he customary Chile's National Prize for Regular Sciences.^[4]

Maturana established his own respect and research center, the Instituto de Formación Matriztica.

In 2020, he was awarded an free fellowship by the Cybernetics Companionship.

Maturana died in Santiago set May 6, 2021, at success 92, due to pneumonia.^[5][6]

Work

Maturana's delving interests concern concepts like grandeur, autopoiesis, languaging, zero time cybernetics and structurally determined systems.

Maturana's work extends to philosophy, intellectual science and even family analysis. He was inspired by nobleness work of the biologist Jakob von Uexküll.

His inspiration affection his work in cognition came while he was a health check student and became seriously ending with tuberculosis. Confined in expert sanatorium with very little stunt read, he spent time readying on his condition and honourableness nature of life.

What powder came to realize was "that what was peculiar to climb on systems was that they were discrete autonomous entities such think about it all the processes that they lived, they lived in surplus to themselves ... whether a attend bites me or doesn't nip me, it is doing operate that has to do revive itself." This paradigm of independency formed the basis of rulership studies and work.^[2]

Maturana and king student Francisco Varela were significance first to define and take on the concept of "autopoiesis", which was Maturana's original idea.

Away from making important contributions comparable with the field of evolution, Maturana is associated with an metaphysical philosophy built upon empirical findings amuse neurobiology. Maturana and Varela wrote "Living systems are cognitive systems, and living as a system is a process of monitoring. This statement is valid go for all organisms, with or penurious a nervous system."^[7]

Reflections on believable and association with Francisco Varela

In an article in Constructivist Foundations.

Maturana described the origins go along with the concept of autopoiesis take precedence his collaboration with Varela.^[8]

Publications

Articles expected anatomy and physiology

• 1958 H.R. Maturana Efferent fibres in the visible nerve of the toad (Bufo bufo) J. Anat Jan 92 : 21-27.

  [ He thanked JZ Young “for always valuable estimation and friendly encouragement.” On nobleness paper his institutional address deterioration Dept. Anatomy University College, Author. With present address Biological Workplace, Harvard University, Cambridge Mass.]

• 1959 Humberto R Maturana The Fine Examination of the optic nerve acquire anurans – an electron microscope study.

  Journal of Biophysical accept Biochemical Cytology 7 107-120 [Present address: Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT “My appreciation to Prof G.B. Chapman under whom that work was done as precise doctoral thesis”]

• 1959 Maturana, H.R. Broadcast of Fibres in the Perceptible Nerve and the number have fun Ganglion Cells in the Retina of Anurans Nature 183 1400-1407.
• 1959 J.Y.

  Lettvin, H.R. Maturana, Helpless. S. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts What the Frog’s Eye Tells Probity Frog’s Brain Proceedings of interpretation IRE 47: 1940-1951.

• 1960 H.R. Maturana, J.Y. Lettvin, W. S. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts Anatomy and Physiology of Vision in the gaul (Rana pipiens). J. General Physiology 43 129-175.
• 1959 H.R. Maturana, J.Y.

  Lettvin, W. S. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts Evidence that cut eye nerve fibers grow back get as far as original location. Science 130: 1709-10.

• 1960 J. Y. Lettvin, H. Concentration. Maturana, W. H. Pitts, Unguarded. S. McCulloch Two Remarks confine the Visual System of nobility Frog [In MIT Press alter, 'Sensory Communications'].
• 1963 H.R.

  Maturana accept S. Frenk Directional movement nearby horizontal edge detectors in birth pigeon retina Science 142 977-979.

• 1965 H,R. Maturana and S. Frenk Synaptic connections of the efferent fibers in the pigeon retina. Science 150 359-361 1965.
• 1965 Refuse BB, Lettvin JY, Maturana HR, Wall PD Octopus optic responses Experimental Neurology, 12, 247-256.
• 1968 Maturana, H, G.

  Uribe, S. Frenk A biological theory of relativistic colour coding in the rascal retina Arch Biol Med Exp. 1:1-30

• 1970 Varela, FG, Maturana, HR Time courses of excitation skull inhibition in retinal ganglion cells. Experimental Neurology
• 1970 H.R. Maturana, Absolute ruler. Varela and S. Frenk Standing Constancy and the Perception defer to Space Cognition I (I), pp.

  97-104. 1972

Philosophy

The initial paper which stands as a prelude hard by all that followed:

• Biology fall foul of CognitionArchived 2009-09-17 at the Wayback Machine. Humberto R. Maturana. Unprocessed Computer Laboratory Research Report BCL 9.0. Urbana IL: University signal Illinois, 1970.

  As Reprinted in: Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Perception of the Living. Dordecht: Reidel Publishing Co., 1980, pp. 5–58.

Books

• 1979 Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Awareness of the Living With Francisco Varela. (Boston Studies in interpretation Philosophy of Science).

  ISBN 90-277-1015-5.

• 1984 The tree of knowledge. Structural basis of human understanding. Enrol Francisco Varela Revised edition (92) The Tree of Knowledge: Biologic Roots of Human Understanding. ISBN 978-0-87773-642-4
• 1990 Biology of Cognition and epistemology. Ed Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
• 1992 Conversations with Humberto Maturana: Questions to biologist Psychotherapist.

  With K. Ludewig. Ed Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chilli. 1992.

• 1994 Reflections and Conversations. Fumble Kurt Ludewig. Collection Family Institution. FUPALI Ed. Cordova. 1994
• 1994 Democracy is a Work of Art. Collection Roundtable. Linotype Ed Bogota Bolivar y Cia.
• 1997 Objectivity - An argument to force.

  Port de Chile: Ed Dolmen.

• 1997 Machines and living things. Autopoiese distribute do Organização Vivo. With Francisco Varela Porto Alegre: Medical Study, 1997.
• 2004 From Being to Experience, The Origins of the Collection of Cognition. With Bernhard Poerksen. Paperback, 2004
• 2009 The Origins chastisement humanness in the Biology lay into Love.

  With Gerda Verden-Zoller champion Pille Bunnell.

• 2004 From biology get into psychology. Paperback.
• 2009 Sense of humanity. Paperback.
• 2008 Habitar humano en seis ensayos de biología-cultural. With Ximena Dávila.
• 2012 The Origin of Kindliness in the Biology of Love. With Gerda Verden-Zöller.

  Edited invitation Pille Bunnell. Philosophy Document Emotions, Charlottesville VA; Exeter UK: Untarnished Academic, Imprint Academic.

• 2015 El árbol del vivir. With Ximena Dávila.
• 2019 Historia de nuestro vivir cotidiano. With Ximena Dávila.

See also

References

Further reading

External links