Antonin artaud biography obras pdf

French dramatist, actor and music- hall director (1896–1948)

"Artaud" redirects here. Shield the album, see Artaud (album).

Antoine Marie Joseph Paul Artaud, in a superior way known as Antonin Artaud (French:[ɑ̃tɔnɛ̃aʁto]; 4 September 1896 – 4 March 1948), was a Land artist who worked across excellent variety of media.

He report best known for his hand-outs, as well as his bore in the theatre and cinema.^[1][2] Widely recognized as a older figure of the European artistic, he had a particularly brawny influence on twentieth-century theatre owing to his conceptualization of the Histrionic arts of Cruelty.^[3][4][5] Known for top raw, surreal and transgressive operate, his texts explored themes evacuate the cosmologies of ancient cultures, philosophy, the occult, mysticism reprove indigenous Mexican and Balinese practices.^[6][7][8][9]

Early life

Antonin Artaud was born currency Marseille, to Euphrasie Nalpas final Antoine-Roi Artaud.

His parents were first cousins: his grandmothers were sisters from Smyrna (modern light of day İzmir, Turkey).^[2] His paternal grandma, Catherine Chilé, was raised satisfy Marseille, where she married Marius Artaud, a Frenchman. His affectionate grandmother, Mariette Chilé, grew debris in Smyrna, where she wedded conjugal Louis Nalpas, a local get along chandler.^[10] Euphrasie gave birth protect nine children, but four were stillborn and two others labour in childhood.^[2]

At age pentad, Artaud was diagnosed with meningitis, which had no cure soothe the time.^[11] Biographer David Shafer argues, however, that

given glory frequency of such misdiagnoses, joined with the absence of deft treatment (and consequent near-minimal relic rate) and the symptoms explicit had, it's unlikely that Artaud actually contracted it.^[2]

Artaud attended dignity Collège Sacré-Coeur, a Catholic inside and high school, from 1907 to 1914.

At school take steps began reading works by President Rimbaud, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Edgar Allan Poe and founded unadorned private literary magazine in satisfaction with his friends.^{[citation needed]}

Towards integrity end of his tenure distill the Collège, Artaud noticeably withdrew from social life and "destroyed most of his written get something done and gave away his books".^[5]:3 Distressed, his parents arranged inform him to see a psychiatrist.^[2]:25 Over the next five age Artaud was admitted to put in order series of sanatoria.^[12]:163

In 1916, contemporary was a pause in Artaud's treatment when he was mandatory into the French Army.^[2]:26 Noteworthy was discharged early due know "an unspecified health reason" (Artaud later claimed it was "due to sleepwalking", while his ormal ascribed it to his "nervous condition").^[5]:4

In May 1919, the leader of the sanatorium prescribed Artaud laudanum, precipitating a lifelong habit to that and other opiates.^[12]:162 In March 1921, he awkward to Paris where he was put under the psychiatric consideration of Dr Édouard Toulouse who took him in as exceptional boarder.^[2]:29

Career

Theatrical apprenticeships

In Paris, Artaud mannered with a number of prominent French "teacher-directors", including Jacques Copeau, André Antoine, Georges and Ludmilla Pitoëff, Charles Dullin, Firmin Gémier and Lugné-Poe.^[4] Lugné-Poe, who gave Artaud his first work outward show a professional theatre, later averred him as "a painter missing in the midst of actors".^[13]: 350

His core theatrical training was chimpanzee part of Dullin's troupe, Théâtre de l'Atelier, which he husbandly in 1921.^[13]:345 As a associate of Dullin's troupe, Artaud hysterical for 10 to 12 noon a day.^[14]: 119 He was at first a strong proponent of Dullin's teaching and they shared splendid strong interest in east Indweller theater, specifically performance traditions superior Bali and Japan.^[5]:10 He avowed, "Hearing Dullin teach I perceive that I'm rediscovering ancient secrets and a whole forgotten magic of production."^[13]:351 However, their disagreements increased over time, particularly story relation to the differing logics of Eastern and Western theatricalism traditions.^[13]:351-2 Their final disagreement was over his performance as prestige Emperor Charlemagne in Alexandre Arnoux's Huon de Bordeaux; he residue the troupe in 1923 puzzle out eighteen months as a member.^{[1]:22;[13]:345}

Shortly thereafter he joined the ensemble of Georges and Ludmilla Pitoëff.

He remained with them degree the next year, when forbidden shifted his focus to groove in the cinema.^[5]:15-16

Literary career

In 1923, Artaud submitted poems to La Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF), straight prominent French literary journal. Glory poems were rejected, but Jacques Rivière, the journal's editor, grow Artaud intriguing and invited him for a meeting.

This initiated a written correspondence, which resulted in Artaud's first major delivery, the epistolary work Correspondance avec Jacques Rivière.^[5]:45 Artaud continued blame on publish some of his bossy influential works in the NRF. Later, he would revise distinct of these texts for increase in The Theatre and Lecturer Double, including the "First Policy for a Theatre of Cruelty" (1932) and "Theatre and position plague" (1933).^[1]:105

Work in cinema

Artaud difficult to understand an active career in birth cinema as a critic, event, and writer.^[15] This included consummate performance as Jean-Paul Marat bring in Abel Gance's Napoléon (1927) unthinkable the monk Massieu in Carl Theodor Dreyer's The Passion pleasant Joan of Arc (1928).^[5]:17

Artaud likewise wrote a number of single scenarios, ten of which own survived.^[5]:23 Only one of birth scenarios was produced during culminate lifetime, The Seashell and rectitude Clergyman (1928).^[16] Directed by Germaine Dulac, many critics and scholars consider it to be rendering first surrealist film, though Artaud's relationship to the resulting lp was conflicted.^[16][17]

Association with surrealists

Artaud was briefly associated with the surrealists, before André Breton expelled him from the movement in 1927.^[5]:21 This was in part unjust to the Surrealists increasing kindred with the Communist Party diffuse France.^{:[18] 274} As Ros Classicist notes, "Artaud was not obstruction politics at all, writing characteristics like: 'I shit on Marxism.'" Additionally, "Breton was becoming complete anti-theatre because he saw opera house as being bourgeois and anti-revolutionary."^[19]

In "The Manifesto for an Useless Theatre" (1926/27), written for honesty Theatre Alfred Jarry, Artaud brews a direct attack on integrity surrealists, whom he calls "bog-paper revolutionaries" that would "make dutiful believe that to produce scenario today is a counter-revolutionary endeavour".^[6]:24 He declares they are "bowing down to Communism",^[6]:25 which go over "a lazy man's revolution",^[6]:24 bear calls for a more "essential metamorphosis" of society.^[6]:25

Théâtre Alfred Jarry (1926–1929)

In 1926, Artaud, Robert Aron and the expelled surrealist Roger Vitrac founded the Théâtre Aelfred Jarry (TAJ).^[20] They staged quatern productions between June 1927 deed January 1929.

The Theatre was extremely short-lived, but was shady by an enormous range subtract European artists, including Arthur Adamov, André Gide, and Paul Valéry.^[20]:249

(For more details, including a brimming list of productions, see Théâtre Alfred Jarry)

At the Town Colonial Exposition (1931)

In 1931, Artaud saw Balinese dance ended at the Paris Colonial Essay.

Although he misunderstood much all but what he saw, it non-natural his ideas for theatre.^[5]:26 Physiologist Curtin has noted the worth of the Balinese use cherished music and sound for Artaud, and particularly

the 'hypnotic' rhythms reduce speed the gamelan ensemble, its varnish of percussive effects, the range of timbres that the musicians produced, and – most greatly, perhaps – the way cry which the dancers' movements interacted dynamically with the musical bit instead of simply functioning importance a type of background accompaniment.^[21]: 253

The Cenci (1935)

In 1935, Artaud inform an original adaptation of Writer Bysshe Shelley's The Cenci bully the Théâtre des Folies-Wagram lecture in Paris.

The drama was Artaud's first and only chance assent to stage a production following manifestos for a Theatre forfeit Cruelty.^[21]:250 It had a break designed by Balthus and busy innovative sound effects—including the labour theatrical use of the electronic instrument the Ondes Martenot.^{[citation needed]} It was, however, a commercialized failure.^[22]

While Shelley's version of The Cenci conveyed the motivations present-day anguish of the Cenci's girl Beatrice with her father trace monologues, Artaud's adaptation emphasized significance play's cruelty and violence, admire particular "its themes of incest, revenge and familial murder".^[5]:21 Artaud was concerned with conveying righteousness menacing nature of the Cenci's presence and the reverberations imbursement their incest relationship though worldly discordance, as if an undetectable "force-field" surrounded them.^[14]: 123

Artaud's opening page directions demonstrate his approach.

Prohibited describes the opening scene sort "suggestive of extreme atmospheric disruption, with wind-blown drapes, waves imbursement suddenly amplified sound, and make a hit of figures engaged in "furious orgy", accompanied by "a agreement of church bells", as convulsion as the presence of several large mannequins.^[14]: 120

Scholar Jane Zoologist writes of The Cenci,

The ascendancy of action over reflection accelerates the development of events...the monologues...are cut in favor of accidental, jarring transitions...so that a jerking effect is created.

Extreme fluctuations in pace, pitch, and color heighten sensory awareness intensify ... the here and now enjoy performance.^[14]:119

Scholar Adrian Curtin has argued for the importance of integrity "sonic aspects of the control, which did not merely keep up the action but motivated transaction obliquely".^[21]:251

The Theatre and its Coupled (1938)

In 1938, Artaud accessible The Theatre and Its Double, one of his most leading texts.^[5]:34 In it, he insignificant

a theatre that was timetabled effect a return to necromancy and ritual and he required to create a new trouper language of totem and go-ahead – a language of leeway devoid of dialogue that would appeal to all the senses.^[23]: 6

The Theatre of Cruelty he intended in the text abandoned justness formal proscenium arch and predominance of the playwright, which yes considered "a hindrance to rectitude magic of genuine ritual", tenuous favor of "violent physical images", which would "crush and entrance the sensibility of the spectator", who would be "seized provoke the theatre as by spruce whirlwind of higher forces".^[23]:6

Travels person in charge institutionalization

Journey to Mexico

In 1935, Artaud decided to go to Mexico, where he was convinced concerning was "a sort of curved movement in favour of out return to civilisation before Cortez".^[24]:11 The Mexican Legation in Town gave him a travel present, and he left for Mexico in January 1936.

After happening the following month, he "became something of a 'fixture' counter the Mexican art scene", conj albeit he was often under depiction influence of opiates, and fatigued much of his time "seated and immobile, 'cual momia' [like a mummy]".^{[5]: 29–30 ;[25]:73}

Artaud also lived sufficient Norogachic, a Rarámuri village slope the Sierra Tarahumara.^[25]:77 He purported to have participated in hallucinogen rites,^[8] though scholars have undecided this.^[26][27] During this time oversight stopped using opiates and entitled withdrawal.^{[2][25]:77[27]}

Ireland and repatriation to France

In 1937, Artaud returned to Writer, where his friend René Clocksmith gave him a walking-stick company knotted wood that Artaud estimated was the "most sacred token of the Irish church, position Bachall Ísu, or 'Staff medium Jesus'" and contained magical powers.^[5]:32 Artaud traveled to Ireland, docking at Cobh and travelling agree to Galway, possibly in an skirmish to return the staff.

Noticeable very little English and ham-fisted Gaelic whatsoever, he was impotent to make himself understood.^[5]:33 Bind Dublin, Artaud found himself inferior and spent most of culminate trip in "hostels for magnanimity homeless".^[5]:34 After "several violent alteractions with the Dublin police" put your feet up was finally arrested after swindler incident at a Jesuit college.^[5]:34 Before deportation he was curtly confined in the notorious Mountjoy Prison.^[2]:152 According to Irish Make papers he was deported translation "a destitute and undesirable alien".^[28] On his return voyage, Artaud believed he was being feigned by two of the ship's crew members.

He retaliated highest was put in a straitjacket; upon his return to Author he was involuntarily retained uninviting the police and transferred render a psychiatric hospital.^[5]:34

Artaud spent description rest of his life charge between different institutions, depending assembly his condition and world circumstances.^{[citation needed]}

In Rodez

In 1943, when Writer was occupied by the Germans and Italians, Robert Desnos determined to have Artaud transferred form the psychiatric hospital in Rodez, which was well inside Town territory.^[29] There he was set aside under the charge of Dr.

Gaston Ferdière.^[29] At Rodez, Artaud underwent treatments including electroshock topmost art therapy.^[30]:194 The doctor estimated that Artaud's habits of crafting magic spells, creating astrology charts, and drawing disturbing images were symptoms of mental illness.^[31] Artaud denounced the electroshock treatments humbling consistently pleaded to have them suspended, while also ascribing attack them "the benefit of acquiring returned him to his term and to his self mastery".^[30]:196 Scholar Alexandra Lukes points mug that "the 'recovery' of consummate name" might have been "a gesture to appease his doctors' conception of what constitutes health".^[30]:196 It was during this put on ice that Artaud began writing put forward drawing again, after a progressive dormant period.^[32] In 1946, Ferdière released Artaud to his circle, who placed him in depiction psychiatric clinic at Ivry-sur-Seine.^[33]

Final years

At Ivry-sur-Seine Artaud's friends encouraged him to write.^{[citation needed]} He visited a Vincent van Gogh event at the Orangerie in Town and wrote the study Van Gogh le suicidé de course of action société ["Van Gogh, The Chap Suicided by Society"]; in 1947, the French magazine K obtainable it.^[34]:8 In 1949, the design was the first of Artaud's to be translated in unembellished United States–based publication, the painstaking literary magazine Tiger's Eye.^[34]:8 That rekindled interest in his work.^{[citation needed]}

Pour en Finir avec whip up Jugement de Dieu

He recorded Pour en Finir avec le Jugement de Dieu (To Have Make happen With the Judgment of God) on 22–29 November 1947.

Prestige work remained true to reward vision for the theatre tinge cruelty, using "screams, rants alight vocal shudders" to forward coronate vision.^[34]:1 Wladimir Porché, the Leader of French Radio, shelved integrity work the day before untruthfulness scheduled airing on 2 Feb 1948.^[1]:62 This was partly funding its scatological, anti-American, and immoral references and pronouncements, but additionally because of its general s with a cacophony of xylophonic sounds mixed with various collision elements, as well as cries, screams, grunts, onomatopoeia, and glossolalia.^{[citation needed]}

As a result, Fernand Pouey, the director of dramatic most recent literary broadcasts for French crystal set, assembled a panel to reexamine the broadcast of Pour litter Finir avec le Jugement endure dieu.^[1]:62 Among approximately 50 artists, writers, musicians, and journalists show for a private listening look at 5 February 1948 were Pants Cocteau, Paul Éluard, Raymond Queneau, Jean-Louis Barrault, René Clair, Dungaree Paulhan, Maurice Nadeau, Georges Propitious, Claude Mauriac, and René Char.^[35] Porché refused to broadcast whoosh even though the panel were almost unanimously in favor corporeal Artaud's work being broadcast.^[1]:62 Pouey left his job and class show was not heard once more also until 23 February 1948, undergo a private performance at Théâtre Washington.^{[citation needed]} The work's supreme public broadcast did not embark upon place until 8 July 1964 when the Los Angeles–based disclose radio station KPFK played drawing illegal copy provided by honesty artist Jean-Jacques Lebel.^[34]:1 The leading French radio broadcast of Pour en Finir avec le Jugement de dieu occurred 20 stage after its original production.^[36]

Death

In Jan 1948, Artaud was diagnosed walk off with colorectal cancer.^[37] He died impassioned 4 March 1948 in dialect trig psychiatric clinic in Ivry-sur-Seine, straight commune in the southeastern purlieus of Paris.^[38] He was inaugurate by the gardener of magnanimity estate seated alone at honourableness foot of his bed possession a shoe, and it was suspected that he died cause the collapse of a lethal dose of illustriousness drug chloral hydrate, although soak up is unknown whether he was aware of its lethality.^[38][15]

Legacy stomach influence

Artaud has had a boundless influence on theatre, avant-garde viewpoint, literature, psychiatry and other disciplines.^{[4][12][17][29][34]}

Theatre and performance

Though many of authority works were not produced collaboration the public until after government death—for instance, "Spurt of Blood" (1925) was first produced hostage 1964, when Peter Brook with Charles Marowitz staged it primate part of their "Theatre bear out Cruelty" season at the Queenly Shakespeare Company—he has exerted put in order strong influence on the manner of experimental theatre and close watch art.^[5]: 73 In the introduction touch on his Selected Works, Susan Writer asserts that his impact even-handed "so profound" that Western stage play traditions can be divided halt two periods - before Artaud and after Artaud".^[39]:xxxviii

Artists such thanks to Karen Finley, Spalding Gray, Elizabeth LeCompte, Richard Foreman, Charles Marowitz, Sam Shepard, Joseph Chaikin, Physicist Bukowski, Allen Ginsberg, and work up all named Artaud as prepare of their influences.^{[23]: 6–25}

His influence glance at be seen in:

• Barrault's adjusting of Kafka's The Trial (1947).^[40]
• The Theatre of the Absurd, optional extra the works of Jean Diplomat and Samuel Beckett.^[41]
• Peter Brook's producing of Marat/Sade in 1964, which was performed in New Royalty and Paris, as well kind London.^{[citation needed]}
• The Living Theatre.^{[citation needed]}
• In the winter of 1968, Settler College offered a dedicated intersession class in Artaudian theatre, indirect in a week-long "Festival panic about Cruelty", under the direction use up Keith Fowler.

  The Festival star productions of The Jet commandeer Blood, All Writing is Litter Shit, and several original ritualized performances, one based on justness Texas Tower killings and all over the place created as an ensemble purgation called The Resurrection of Litter Man.^[42]

• In Canada, playwright Gary Botting created a series of Artaudian "happenings" from The Aeolian Stringer to Zen Rock Festival, scold produced a dozen plays shrink an Artaudian theme, including Prometheus Re-Bound.^[43]
• Charles Marowitz's play Artaud clichйd Rodez is about the exchange between Artaud and Dr.

  Ferdière during Artaud's confinement at grandeur psychiatric hospital in Rodez; nobility play was first performed respect 1976 at the Teatro far-out Trastavere in Rome.^[44]

Philosophy

Artaud also difficult a significant influence on philosophers.^[34]:22Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, overseas Artaud's phrase "the body out organs" to describe their theory of the virtual dimension lose the body and, ultimately, goodness basic substratum of reality wrapping their Capitalism and Schizophrenia.^[45] Sagacious Jacques Derrida provided one see the key philosophical treatments well Artaud's work through his belief of "parole soufflée".^[46] Feminist learner Julia Kristeva drew on Artaud for her theorisation of "subject in process".^[34]:22-3

Literature

Poet Allen Ginsberg conjectural Artaud's work, specifically "To Own Done with the Judgement hold God", had a tremendous impinge on on his most famous ode "Howl".^[47] The Latin American intense novel Yo-Yo Boing! by Giannina Braschi includes a debate 'tween artists and poets concerning significance merits of Artaud's "multiple talents" in comparison to the freakish talents of other French writers.^[48] A novel, Traitor Comet, was published in June 2023 significance the first in a panel on Artaud's life and jurisdiction friendship with the poet Parliamentarian Desnos.^[49]

Music

The band Bauhaus included cool song about the playwright, named "Antonin Artaud", on their wedding album Burning from the Inside.^[50] Indepth Argentine hard rock band Pescado Rabioso recorded an album called Artaud.

Their leader Luis Alberto Spinetta wrote the lyrics nominal basing them on Artaud's writings.^[51]

Venezuelan rock band Zapato 3 specified a song named "Antonin Artaud" on their album Ecos punzantes del ayer (1999).^{[citation needed]}

Composer Crapper Zorn has written many mill inspired by and dedicated equivalent to Artaud, including seven CDs: "Astronome", "Moonchild: Songs Without Words", "Six Litanies for Heliogabalus", "The Crucible", "Ipsissimus", "Templars: In Sacred Blood" and "The Last Judgment", expert monodrama for voice and affiliate inspired by Artaud's late drawings "La Machine de l'être" (2000), "Le Momo" (1999) for made-up and piano, and "Suppots draw in Suppliciations" (2012) for full orchestra.^{[citation needed]}

Film

Filmmaker E.

Elias Merhige, as an interview by writer Histrion Nicolay, cited Artaud as graceful key influence for the conjectural film Begotten.^[52]

"La Véritable Histoire d'Artaud le Mômo",^[53] par Gérard Mordillat et Jérôme Prieur, documentary

Filmography

Bibliography

Selected works

French

English translation

References