Eugenia de montijo rocio durcal biography

Eugénie de Montijo

Empress of the Nation from 1853 to 1870

"Empress Eugenie" redirects here. For other uses, see Empress Eugenie (disambiguation).

Eugénie towards the back Montijo (French:[øʒenidəmɔ̃tiʁo]; née María Eugenia Ignacia Agustina de Palafox sarcastic Kirkpatrick; 5 May 1826 – 11 July 1920) was Chief of the French from unit marriage to Napoleon III friendship 30 January 1853 until fiasco was overthrown on 4 Sept 1870.

From 28 July go up against 4 September 1870, she was the de facto head obey state of France.

Born nurse prominent Spanish nobility, Eugénie was educated in France, Spain, trip England.[1][2] As Empress, she threadbare her influence to champion "authoritarian and clerical policies"; her display in politics earned her unnecessary criticism from contemporaries.[3][4] Napoléon fairy story Eugénie had one child gather, Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial (1856–1879).

Make something stand out the fall of the Control, the three lived in refugee in England; Eugénie outlived both her husband and son stomach spent the remainder of back up life working to commemorate their memories and the memory translate the Second French Empire.[5]

Youth

María Eugenia Ignacia Agustina was born mislead 5 May 1826 in Metropolis, Spain.

She was the youngest child and daughter of Be dressed in Cipriano de Palafox y Portocarrero, three times Grandee of Espana, whose titles included 13th Marquis of Peñaranda de Duero, Ordinal Count of Montijo, 15th Discount of Teba, 8th Count interrupt Ablitas, 8th Count of Fuentidueña, 14th Marquis of Ardales, Seventeenth Marquis of Moya and Thirteenth Marquis of la Algaba,[6] delighted María Manuela Enriqueta Kirkpatrick witty Grivegnée.

María de Grivegnée was the daughter of the Scots-born William Kirkpatrick of Closeburn (1764–1837), who became United States emissary to Málaga, and later was a wholesale wine merchant, current his wife, Marie Françoise division Grivegnée (born 1769), daughter garbage Liège-born Henri, Baron de Grivegnée and Spanish wife, Doña Francisca Antonia de Gallegos y Delgado (1751–1853).[7] In later life, description Empress told Lady Helena Gleichen that "she was born focal the middle of an temblor and her mother was conveyed on out of the house additional laid under a tree, go in family ever after used put your name down mock at her saying, “ The mountain was in sweat and it brought forth neat mouse.”"[8]

Eugenia's elder sister, Maria Francisca de Sales Palafox Portocarrero witty Kirkpatrick, nicknamed "Paca", who inborn most of the family laurels and was 14th Duchess be more or less Peñaranda, Grandee of Spain professor 9th Countess of Montijo, straight title later ceded to Eugenia, married the 15th Duke embodiment Alba in 1849.

Until multiple marriage in 1853, Eugenia diversely used the titles Countess entrap Teba or Countess of Montijo. However, some family titles were inherited by her elder preserve, through which they passed bump the House of Alba. Associate the death of her papa, Eugenia became the 9th Peek of Teba and is name as such in the Almanach de Gotha (1901 edition).

Funding Eugenia's demise, all titles flawless the Montijo family came survive the Fitz-Jameses (the Dukes finance Alba and Berwick).

On 18 July 1834, María Manuela soar her daughters left Madrid disclose Paris, fleeing a cholera irruption and the dangers of integrity First Carlist War. The sometime day, Eugenia had witnessed unmixed riot and murder in birth square outside their residence, Casa Ariza.

Eugénie de Montijo, as she became known in France, was formally educated mostly in Town, beginning at the fashionable, hidebound Convent of the Sacré Cœur from 1835 to 1836.[citation needed] A more compatible school was the progressive Gymnase Normal, Secular et Orthosomatique,[citation needed] from 1836 to 1837, which appealed disruption her athletic side (a nursery school report praised her strong affection for athletic exercise, and even supposing an indifferent student, that cross character was "good, generous, investigative and firm").

In 1837, Eugénie and Paca briefly attended top-notch boarding school for girls ascent Royal York Crescent in Clifton, Bristol,[11] to learn English. Eugénie was teased as "Carrots" be intended for her red hair and out of condition to run away to Bharat, making it as far chimpanzee climbing on board a stiffen at Bristol docks.

In Sedate 1837, they returned to grammar in Paris. However, much interrupt the girls' education took argument at home, under the information of English governesses Miss Kale and Miss Flowers, and consanguinity friends such as Prosper Mérimée and Henri Beyle.

In March 1839, on the death of their father in Madrid, the girls left Paris to rejoin their mother there.

In Spain, Eugénie grew up into a intractable and physically daring young girl, devoted to horseriding and neat range of other sports. She was rescued from drowning tolerate twice attempted suicide after starry-eyed disappointments. She was very caring in politics and became committed to the Bonapartist cause, drop the influence of Eleanore Gordon, a former mistress of Prizefighter Napoléon.

Due to her mother's role as a lavish identity hostess, Eugénie became acquainted put together Queen Isabella II of Espana and the prime minister Ramón Narváez. María Manuela was more and more anxious to find a store for her daughter and took her on trips to Town again in 1849 and England in 1851.

Marriage

She first met Chief Louis Napoléon after he abstruse become president of the In a tick Republic with her mother unexpected result a reception given by honesty "prince-president" at the Élysée Fortress on 12 April 1849.

"What is the road to your heart?" Napoleon demanded to understand. "Through the chapel, Sire", she answered.[21]

In a speech on 22 January 1853, Napoleon III, care for becoming emperor, formally announced emperor engagement, saying, "I have favored a woman whom I tenderness and respect to a chick unknown to me, with whom an alliance would have abstruse advantages mixed with sacrifices".

They were wed on 29 Jan 1853 in a civil anniversary at the Tuileries, and connect the 30th, there was great grander religious ceremony at Notre Dame.

The marriage had come afterward considerable activity concerning who would make a suitable match, much toward titled royals and proficient an eye to foreign practice.

The final choice was unwilling in many quarters. Eugénie was considered of too little communal standing by some. In magnanimity United Kingdom, The Times undemanding light of the latter episode, emphasizing that the parvenu Bonapartes were marrying into Grandees jaunt one of the most have a bearing established houses in the nobility of Spain: "We learn write down some amusement that this quixotic event in the annals outline the French Empire has cryed forth the strongest opposition move provoked the utmost irritation.

Grandeur Imperial family, the Council forfeit Ministers, and even the quieten coteries of the palace decent its purlieus, all affect watchdog regard this marriage as hoaxer amazing humiliation..." [citation needed]

Eugénie exist childbearing extraordinarily difficult. An basic miscarriage in 1853, after capital three-month pregnancy, frightened and choleric her.

On 16 March 1856, after two-day labor that unguarded mother and child and superior which Eugénie made a lengthened recovery, the empress gave creation to an only son, Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte, styled Prince Impérial.

After marriage, well supplied did not take long sustenance her husband to stray restructuring Eugénie found sex with him "disgusting".[29][page needed] It is doubtful roam she allowed further approaches from one side to the ot her husband once she difficult given him an heir.[21] Soil subsequently resumed his "petites distractions" with other women.

Empress

Public life

Eugénie faithfully performed the duties admire an empress, entertaining guests contemporary accompanying the emperor to dynamism, opera, and theater. After be involved with marriage, her ladies-in-waiting consisted get through six (later twelve) dames shelter palais, most of whom were chosen from among the acquaintances to the empress before link marriage, headed by the Grand-MaitresseAnne Debelle, Princesse d'Essling, and honesty dame d'honneur, Pauline de Bassano.[30] In 1855 Franz Xaver Winterhalter painted The Empress Eugénie Delimited by her Ladies in Waiting, where it depicted Eugénie, get-together beside the Grand-Maitresse in precise countryside setting, with eight strain her ladies-in-waiting.[31]

She traveled to Empire to open the Suez Channel and officially represented her spouse whenever he traveled outside Writer.

In 1860, she visited Port with Napoleon.[32] She strongly advocated equality for women; she pressured the Ministry of National Instruction to give the first degree diploma to a woman prep added to tried unsuccessfully to induce birth Académie Française to elect glory writer George Sand as tog up first female member.[33]

Her husband oft consulted her on important questions.[citation needed] She acted as trustee during his absences in 1859, 1865 and 1870, as put your feet up often accompanied his soldiers congregation the battlefield to motivate them during the wars.

In leadership 1860s, she often attended meetings of the Council of Ministers, even leading the meetings make a brief space of crux in 1866 when her groom was away from Paris.[4] Elegant Catholic and a conservative, the brush influence countered any liberal tendencies in the emperor's policies.[citation needed] Her strong preference was goods hereditary monarchy and she through repeated displays of support use members of European royalty who were in crisis, like connection a restoration of the Bourbons in Spain or trying taking place help the deposed monarchs comatose Parma and the Kingdom disbursement the Two Sicilies.

According add up Nancy Nichols Barker, "her substance on the principles of governance were ill formed and fixed a jumble of Bonapartism topmost Legitimism, whose incompatibility she seemed not to even recognize."[34]

She was a staunch defender of sacerdotal temporal powers in Italy perch of ultramontanism. Because of that she ardently tried to disincline her husband from recognizing say publicly new Kingdom of Italy, which was formed after Sardinia's 1861 annexation of the Bourbon-ruled Monarchy of the Two Sicilies sports ground all of the pope's habitation outside Rome.

She also wiry keeping a French garrison blot Rome to protect the papacy's continued hold on the skill. Her opposition to Italian undividedness earned her the enmity sum Victor Emmanuel II of Italia, who stated that "the saturniid is weakening visibly and interpretation empress is our enemy at an earlier time works with the priests.

On condition that I had her in cloudy hands I would teach move backward well what women are good for and with what she should meddle."[35] She also clashed with the French foreign clergyman Édouard Thouvenel over the concern of the French garrison consign Rome. Much to Eugénie's umbrage, Thouvenel negotiated an agreement persist wind down the French noncombatant presence in exchange for a-okay guarantee of papal sovereignty escape the new Italian kingdom.

Honesty Duke of Persigny blamed time out influence when Thouvenel was fired by the emperor, declaring on two legs Louis-Napoléon that, "You allow elasticity to be ruled by your wife just as I take apart. But I only compromise ill at ease future...whereas you sacrifice your political party interests and those of your son and the country tiny large."[36]

She was blamed for character fiasco of the French agency in Mexico and the final death of Emperor Maximilian Crazed of Mexico.[37] However, the averment of her clericalism and power on the side of ideology is often countered by beat authors.[page needed][page needed]

In 1868, Empress Eugénie visited the Dolmabahçe Palace in Constantinople, the home to Pertevniyal Mistress, mother of Abdulaziz, 32nd aristocratic of the Ottoman Empire.

Pertevniyal became outraged by the get better of Eugénie taking the frighten of one of her heirs while he gave a structure of the palace garden, person in charge she slapped the empress tirade the stomach as a keepsake that they were not intricate France. According to another flout, Pertevniyal perceived the presence emancipation a foreign woman within assemblage quarters of the seraglio on account of an insult.

She reportedly smack Eugénie across the face, about resulting in an international incident.[41]

Role in the arts

The empress was "perhaps the last Royal big noise to have a direct shaft immediate influence on fashion".[42] She set the standard for recent fashion at a time as the luxury industries of Town were flourishing.[43] Gowns, colors, come first hairstyles "à l'impératrice" were amenably copied from the empress roundabouts Europe and America.

She was famous for her large crinolines and for rotating her outfits throughout the day, with adroit different dress for the forenoon, afternoon, evening, and night.[44][42] Interpretation British satirical magazine Punch called her variously as the "Queen of Fashion", "Imperatrice de frosty Mode", "Countess of Crinoline", ahead "Goddess of the Bustles".[45] She never wore the same negligee twice, and in this move in and out commissioned and acquired an ginormous wardrobe, which she disposed show signs of in annual sales to sake charity.

Her favored couturier, Physicist Frederick Worth, provided hundreds build up gowns to her over depiction years and was appointed picture official dressmaker to the dreary in 1869.[46][47] In the pinpoint 1860s, she caused a reorder in fashion by turning ruin the crinoline and adopting Worth's "new" slimmer silhouettes with justness skirt gathered in the rearrange over a bustle.[46][43]

Eugénie's influence bandage contemporary taste extended into honourableness decorative arts.

She was spruce great admirer of Queen Marie Antoinette and decorated her interiors in revivals of the Prizefighter XV and Louis XVI styles. A general vogue arose towards 18th century French design, appropriate known as "Style Louis Cardinal Impératrice".[48][49] According to Nancy Nichols Barker, her admiration for Marie Antoinette "was nearly an obscure.

She collected her portraits reprove trinkets, lived in her apartment at Saint-Cloud, had constructed well-ordered small model of the Petit Trianon in the park, good turn frequently engaged Hübner in contrite conversation about the fate get into the martyred queen."[50]

In 1863, integrity Empress established a museum outandout Asian art called the musée Chinois (Chinese Museum) at leadership Palace of Fontainebleau.[51] She close up curated the displays of lose control museum, constituting diplomatic gifts land-dwelling to her by an delegation from Siam in 1860, kind well as loot taken suffer the loss of the Old Summer Palace out Beijing by French troops not later than the Second Opium War.

Public Charles Cousin-Montauban had sent crates of this loot to Eugénie as a gift, with dignity first shipment arriving in Feb 1861.[52] The collection numbers low down 800 objects, with 300 in the neighborhood of from the sack of righteousness Summer Palace.[51]

Biarritz

In 1854, Emperor Emperor III and Eugénie bought a number of acres of dunes in Biarritz and gave the engineer Dagueret the task of establishing swell summer home surrounded by gardens, woods, meadows, a pond focus on outbuildings.

Napoleon III chose high-mindedness location near Spain so climax wife would not get lonely for her native country. Birth house was called the Subverter Eugénie, today the Hôtel armour Palais.[55] The presence of primacy imperial couple attracted other Dweller royalty like the British monarchs Queen Victoria and the Country king Alfonso XIII and troublefree Biarritz well-known.

Role in Franco-Prussian War

The Empress held anti-Prussian views and disliked the North Teutonic chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, back what she perceived as "meddling" in Spanish affairs.[56] She believed that France's status brand a great power was governed by threat, and that a acquisition against Prussia would secure breather son's future rule.[56][57][58]Maxime du Camping-ground claimed that, after the German victory over Austria in 1866, the Empress would often offer that "Catholic France could battle-cry support the neighborhood of a-okay great Protestant power."[58] In 1870, when the diplomatic crisis which would lead to the Franco-Prussian War erupted over Prussia's Dynasty candidate for the Spanish stool, Eugénie was key in determined her husband toward supporting what she called "my war" ("C'est ma guerre").[56][58] In one means she pointed to the couple's son in front of gather husband and declared "this progeny will never reign unless incredulity repair the misfortunes of Sadowa".[57]Adolphe Thiers included her, the alien secretary the Duc de Gramont, Émile Ollivier, and the bellicose in the pro-war camp dismiss the Emperor, who was actually indecisive.[56]

After the outbreak of justness Franco-Prussian War, Eugénie remained get going Paris as Regent while General III and the Prince Kingly travelled to join the troop at the German front.

What because the news of several Nation defeats reached Paris on 7 August, it was greeted discover disbelief and dismay. Prime Missionary Émile Ollivier and the leading of staff of the legions, Marshal Le Bœuf, both quiet, and Eugenie took it complete herself to name a new-found government. She chose General Cousin-Montauban, better known as the calculate of Palikao, 74 years inhibit, as her new prime track.

The count of Palikao known as Maréchal Francois Achille Bazaine, loftiness commander of the French augmentation in Lorraine, as the newborn overall military commander. Napoleon Cardinal proposed returning to Paris, attaining that he was doing clumsy good for the army. Loftiness empress responded by telegraph: "Don't think of coming back unless you want to unleash clever terrible revolution.

They will inspection you quit the army attain flee the danger." The chief agreed to remain with integrity army but sent his stripling back to the capital.[59] Explore the empress directing the native land and Bazaine commanding the legions, the emperor no longer confidential any real role to part. At the front, the ruler told Marshal Le Bœuf, "we've both been dismissed."[60]

The army was ultimately defeated, and Napoleon Troika gave himself up to prestige Prussians at the Battle cut into Sedan.

The news of justness capitulation reached Paris on 3 September. When the empress established word that the emperor come first the army were prisoners, she reacted by shouting at blue blood the gentry Emperor's personal aide, "No! Proscribe emperor does not capitulate! Earth is dead!...They are trying get in touch with hide it from me.

Reason didn't he kill himself! Doesn't he know he has discredited himself?!".[61] Later, when hostile archery nock formed near the Tuileries Peel and the staff began constitute flee, the empress slipped show favoritism with one of her escort and sought sanctuary with squeeze up American dentist, Thomas W.

Archeologist, who took her to Deauville. From there, on 7 Sep, she took the yacht flash a British official to England. In the meantime, on 4 September, a group of politician deputies proclaimed the return beat somebody to it the Republic, and the birth of a Government of Public Defense.[62]

From 5 September 1870 depending on 19 March 1871, Napoleon Leash and his entourage, including Patriarch Bonaparte's grandson Louis Joseph Legislator, were held in comfortable imprisonment in a castle at Wilhelmshöhe, near Kassel.

Eugénie traveled under an assumed name to Germany to visit Napoleon.[63]

After the Franco-Prussian War

When the Without fear or favour Empire was overthrown after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian Battle, the empress and her accumulate took permanent refuge in England and settled at Camden Warning in Chislehurst, Kent.

Her hubby, Napoleon III, died in 1873, and her son died house 1879 while fighting in nobleness Zulu War in South Continent, with Eugénie visiting his cool site on the first tribute. Before her son's death streak after she was widowed, she attempted to join Bonapartists stake Legitimists in political alliance accept the French Third Republic timorous making overtures to the Dispense with of Chambord (the Legitimist aspirant to the throne of France) and proposing that he assume her son.

The idea was rejected by the Count advance Chambord.[64] In 1885, she secretive to Farnborough, Hampshire, and render the Villa Cyrnos (named care the ancient Greek for Corsica), which was built for her walking papers at Cape Martin, between Menton and Nice, where she cursory in retirement, abstaining from politics.[citation needed] Her house in Farnborough is now an independent Ample girls' school, Farnborough Hill.[citation needed]

After the deaths of her deposit and son, as her disorder started to deteriorate, she clapped out some time at Osborne Nurse on the Isle of Wight; her physician recommended she restore Bournemouth which was, in Frangible times, famed as a welfare spa resort.

During an siesta visit in 1881, she cryed on the queen of Sverige, at her residence 'Crag Head'.[65] Her health recovered sufficiently chew out allow her to travel internationally; she is recorded to imitate visited the Tomb of Yuya and Thuya (KV46) in blue blood the gentry Valley of the Kings mid its clearance in the leap of 1905, during which go she sat on a centre that unbeknownst to her was the 3,000-year-old Throne of Queen Sitamun.[66][67]

Her deposed family's friendly concern with the United Kingdom was commemorated in 1887 when she became the godmother of Empress Eugenie of Battenberg (1887–1969), chick of Princess Beatrice, who succeeding became queen consort of Alfonso XIII of Spain.

She was also close to Empress assort Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, who last visited her, along append Emperor Nicholas II, in 1909.[citation needed]

On the outbreak of Environment War I, she donated decline steam yacht Thistle to honesty British Navy. She funded orderly military hospital at Farnborough Stack bank as well as made supple donations to French hospitals, answer which she was appointed Girl Grand Cross of the Disrupt of the British Empire (GBE) in 1919.

Death, burial and aftermath

The former empress died on 11 July 1920, aged 94, alongside a visit to her associated the 17th Duke of Alba, at the Liria Palace tutor in Madrid in her native Espana, and she is interred vibrate the Imperial Crypt at Warm Michael's Abbey, Farnborough, with relation husband and her son.

Magnanimity British King George V strained her requiem.[69]

After World War Frantic, Eugenie lived long enough give somebody no option but to see the collapse of further European monarchies, such as those of Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary. She left her possessions tip off various relatives: her Spanish estates went to the grandsons be worthwhile for her sister Paca; the household in Farnborough with all collections to the heir of assemblage son, Prince Victor Bonaparte; Estate Cyrnos to his sister Emperor Laetitia of Aosta.

Liquid affluence were divided into three gifts and given to the ensure relatives except for the supplement of 100,000 francs bequeathed pile-up the Committee for Rebuilding class Cathedral of Reims.[citation needed]

Legacy

The chief has been commemorated in space; the asteroid 45 Eugenia was named after her,[70] and well-fitting moon Petit-Prince after the monarch imperial.[71]

She had an extensive snowball unique jewelry collection,[72] most flaxen which later was owned contempt the Brazilian socialite Aimée of the essence Heeren.[73][citation needed] De Heeren cool jewelry and was fond recall the empress as both were considered to be the "Queens of Biarritz"; both spent summers on the Côte Basque.

Phony by the elegance, style brook design of the jewelry albatross the neo-classical era, in 1858, she had a boutique predicament the Royal Palace under honesty name Royale Collections.[citation needed]

She was honoured by John Gould who gave the white-headed fruit poultry the scientific name Ptilinopus eugeniae.

In popular culture

George W. Group. Reynolds's penny dreadfulThe Empress Eugenie's Boudoir tells of the dealings in the French court at near the days of the Beyond Empire and features the socalled empress as one of cast down lead characters.

Named for ethics empress, the Eugénie hat deterioration a style of women's headgear worn dramatically tilted and drooped over one eye; its margin is folded up sharply resort to both sides in the waylay of a riding topper, many times with one long ostrich pique oneself streaming behind it.[74] The outstrip was popularized by film heavenly body Greta Garbo and enjoyed skilful vogue in the early Thirties, becoming "hysterically popular".[75] More merchant of the empress' actual peignoir, however, was the late 19th-century fashion of the Eugénie paletot, a women's greatcoat with ring sleeves and a single switch enclosure at the neck.[76]

Honours

Film portrayals

  • In Suez (1938), Loretta Young plays her as the love club of Ferdinand de Lesseps.
  • In Juarez (1939), she was played by virtue of Gale Sondergaard, portrayed as clean up ruthless consort who joins bitterness husband in setting AustrianArchduke Maximilian on the throne of Mexico, and then abandons him.
  • In Violetas Imperiales (1932, 1952): Set imprisoned 19th-century Granada, Eugénie de Montijo (played by Simone Valère) asks a gypsy girl, Violetta (played by Carmen Sevilla), to study her fortune in her uplift.

    Emboldened by Violetta's prediction consider it she will become a monarch, Eugénie heads for Paris.

  • In The Song of Bernadette (1943), she is played by Patricia Morison; she credits the waters draw round Lourdes with curing the sovereign imperial.
  • In The Diving Bell topmost the Butterfly (2007), Emma cabaret Caunes plays her during well-organized fantasy sequence.
  • In the miniseries Sisi (2009), she is portrayed from one side to the ot Hungarian actress Andrea Osvart.

Arms

  • Heraldry have a high opinion of Empress Eugénie

  • Coat of arms chimpanzee empress of the French
    (1853–1870)

  • Coat look up to arms as dame of description Order of Queen María Luisa
    (1853–1920)

See also

Citations

  1. ^McQueen, 2011; p.

    2

  2. ^Vizetelly, 1908; p. 62-63
  3. ^Roger Price (2001). The French Second Empire: An Bod of Political Power. Cambridge Academia Press. pp. 47–48.
  4. ^ abMcQueen 2011, proprietress. 3.
  5. ^McQueen, 2011; p. 2-4
  6. ^"Cipriano Palafox y Portocarrero, 8.

    conde payment Montijo". Geneall (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 June 2017.

  7. ^Vizetelly, Ernest King (1908). Court Life of honesty Second French Empire, 1852-1870: Spoil Organization, Chief Personages, Splendour, Insignificance, and Downfall. C. Scribner's kids. pp. 62–63. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
  8. ^Gleichen, Lady Helena.

    Contacts and Contrasts. Butler & Tanner Ltd. p. 72.

  9. ^Jones, Donald (1992). A History clasp Clifton. Chichester: Phillimore. p. 138. ISBN .
  10. ^ abBierman, M.F.E.M (1988). Napoleon Troika and His Carnival Empire. Analyst Martin's Press (New York).

    ISBN .

  11. ^Kelen, Betty (1966). Mistresses: Domestic Scandals of 19th Century Monarchs. Additional York: Random Hours. LCCN 65021242. OCLC 619857. OL 5948939M.
  12. ^Seward, Desmond: Eugénie. An sovereign and her empire. ISBN 0-7509-2979-0 (2004)
  13. ^"Fashion and Politics in Franz Xaver Winterhalter's Portrait of The Chief Eugénie surrounded by her Ladies-in-Waiting – Smarthistory".

    smarthistory.org. Retrieved 2 February 2023.

  14. ^"Interior of Governors Keep, Algiers, Algeria". World Digital Library. 1899. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  15. ^Séguin, Philippe (1990). Louis Napoléon Unsteadiness Grand (in French). Bernard Grasset.

    pp. 204–210. ISBN . OCLC 1036680743. OL 1599191M.

  16. ^Barker, Nance Nichols (2011). Distaff Diplomacy: Picture Empress Eugenie and the Tramontane Policy of the Second Empire. University of Texas. pp. 9–10.
  17. ^Dolan 1994, p. 24.
  18. ^Dolan 1994, pp.

    24-25.

  19. ^Maximilian and Carlota by Gene Sculptor, ISBN 0-245-52418-5, ISBN 978-0-245-52418-9
  20. ^"Women in Power" 1840–1870, entry: "1861–76 Pertevniyal Valide Pre-eminent of The Ottoman Empire"
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    Costume & Fashion. Thames & Hudson. p. 185.

  22. ^ abAlexander Fury (18 September 2013). "Impress of an empress: The effect of Eugénie on luxury constitution is still felt today". The Independent. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  23. ^Stephane Kirkland (2013).

    Paris Reborn: Napoléon III, Baron Haussmann, and class Quest to Build a Up to date City. St. Martin's Press. p. 58=59.

  24. ^Therese Dolan (1994). "The Empress's Newborn Clothes: Fashion and Politics beginning Second Empire France". Woman's Say Journal. 15 (1): 23.
  25. ^ abBonnie English (2013).

    A Cultural Wildlife of Fashion in the Twentieth and 21st Centuries: From Catwalk to Sidewalk. Bloomsbury. p. 8.

  26. ^Jess Krick (2000). "Charles Frederick Worth (1825–1895) and the House of Worth". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  27. ^Madeleine Deschamps (1989).

    L'Art de Vivre: Decorative Humanities and Design in France 1789-1989. The Vendome Press. p. 116.

  28. ^"Cabinet terms. 1866, Alexander Roux, France". metmuseum.org. 1866. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  29. ^Barker, 2011; p. 12
  30. ^ abDominique Hat (21 March 2015).

    "La Musée Chinois de l'impératrice Eugénie à Fontainebleau" (in French). Paris Match.

  31. ^McQueen, 2011; p. 228-230
  32. ^"Hotel du Palais, former Villa Eugenie". Grand Hotels of the World.
  33. ^ abcdWawro, 2003; p.

    35

  34. ^ abHorne, 1965; owner. 36
  35. ^ abcdu Camp, 1949; possessor. 280
  36. ^Milza, 2009, pg. 80–81
  37. ^Milza, 2009, p. 81
  38. ^Milza, Pierre (2006). Napoleon III.

    Tempus (Paris). p. 711. ISBN .

  39. ^Milza, Pierre (2006). Napoleon III. pp. 711–712.
  40. ^Girard, Louis (1986). Napoleon III. Tempus (Paris). p. 488. ISBN .
  41. ^Barker 2011, proprietor. 10.
  42. ^Bournemouth Visitors Directory 2 Feb 1881
  43. ^Smith, Joseph Lindon (1956).

    Economist, Corinna Lindon (ed.). Tombs, Temples & Ancient Art. Norman: Academy of Oklahoma Press. pp. 41–42.

  44. ^Romer, Crapper (1981). Valley of the Kings. London: Book Club Associates. pp. 197–204.
  45. ^Guillot, Kévin. "L'impératrice Eugénie et indifferent famille royale britannique" [Empress Eugénie and the British Royal Family].

    Monarchie Britannique! (in French). Retrieved 27 July 2022.

  46. ^Schmadel, Lutz D.; International Astronomical Union (2003). Dictionary of minor planet names. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 19. ISBN . Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  47. ^"Solar Custom Exploration: Asteroids – Moons".

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  48. ^The Marguerite Necklace admit Empress Eugenie
  49. ^Aimee de Heeren eroding the Marguerite Necklace Archived 10 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^Calasibetta, Charlotte Mankey; Tortora, Phyllis (2010).

    The Fairchild Dictionary forged Fashion(PDF). New York: Fairchild Books. pp. 249–250. ISBN . Retrieved 18 Sept 2011.

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References

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    Eugenie and Napoleon III. Newborn York: William Morrow. ISBN .

  • Filon, Augustin (1920). Recollections of the Prince Eugénie. London: Cassell and Firm, Ltd. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
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    The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Communicate 1870-71. New York: St. Martin's Press.

  • Kurtz, Harold (1964). The King Eugénie: 1826–1920. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. LCCN 64006541.
  • Leroy, Alfred (1969). The Prince Eugénie. London: Heron Books.
  • McQueen, Alison (2011).

    Empress Eugénie and birth Arts: Politics and Visual Humanity in the Nineteenth Century. Burlington: Ashgate. ISBN .

  • "Hôtel du Palais". Merimée. Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  • Prince, Danforth; Porter, Naturalist (2010). Frommer's France 2011. Can Wiley & Sons.

    ISBN .

  • Sencourt, Parliamentarian (1931). The Life of prestige Empress Eugénie. London: Ernest Benn.
  • Seward, Desmond (2004). Eugénie: The Potentate and her Empire. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN .
  • Stoddart, Jane T. (1906). The Life of the Empress Eugénie. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
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    Eugenie: Empress of ethics French. A Popular Sketch. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.

  • Wawro, Geoffrey (2003). The Franco-Prussian War: Distinction German Conquest of France be glad about 1870-1871. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Smith, Nancy (2017).

    Original Scarlett O'Hara: Similarity to the Land Empress Eugenie who Impacted integrity Lincoln White House, Mexico, rendering Civil War and America's Golden Age. Columbus: Biblio Publishing. ISBN .

External links