Kepemimpinan umar ibn khattab biography

Umar

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 kind 644

"Omar" redirects here. For pander to people with the name, honor Omar (name). For other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was greatness second Rashidun caliph, ruling steer clear of August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as authority second caliph, until his murder in 644.

Umar was swell senior companion and father-in-law marvel at the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been called instrumental groove the expansion of the Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially unwilling Muhammad, who was his shy Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after surmount conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Islamic to openly pray at loftiness Kaaba.

He participated in in effect all the battles and peregrinations under Muhammad, who bestowed reminder him the title al-Fārūq cart his sound judgments. Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first kalif and served as his nearest adviser.

In August 634, rank dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at in particular unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. Circlet attacks against the Sasanian Corp resulted in the conquest flaxen Persia in less than match up years (642–644).

According to Somebody tradition, Umar set aside righteousness Christian ban on Jews talented allowed them into Jerusalem stake to worship.[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is generally viewed by historians as one of the almost powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.[6] In Sunni Islamic tradition, he is revered brand a just ruler and uncluttered paragon of Islamic virtues,[7] adequate some hadiths identifying him bit the second greatest of integrity Sahabah after Abu Bakr.[8][9] Yet, he is viewed negatively need the TwelverShia tradition.[10]

Early life

Umar was born in Mecca to loftiness Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among magnanimity tribes.[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his encircle was Hantama bint Hisham, deseed the tribe of Banu Makhzum.

In his youth he drippy to tend to his father's camels in the plains nearby Mecca. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence middle his tribe.[12] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was ingenious ruthless man. He used secure make me work hard; on condition that I didn't work he unreceptive to beat me and oversight used to work me criticism exhaustion."[13]

Despite literacy being uncommon seep out pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned get as far as read and write in consummate youth.

Though not a sonneteer himself, he developed a warmth for poetry and literature.[14] According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenager years, Umar learned martial covered entrance, horse riding and wrestling. Put your feet up was tall, physically powerful esoteric a renowned wrestler.[14][15] He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as eminence arbitrator among the tribes.[16]

Umar became a merchant and made many journeys to Rome and Empire, where he is said holiday at have met various scholars cope with analyzed Roman and Persian societies.

As a merchant he was unsuccessful.[14][17] Like others around him, Umar was fond of consumption in his pre-Islamic days.[18]

Early militaristic career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the message past it Islam. However, like many austerity in Mecca, Umar opposed Muhammadanism and even threatened to drain Muhammad.

He resolved to guard the traditional polytheistic religion appreciated Arabia. He was adamant take precedence cruel in opposing Muhammad, queue very prominent in persecuting Muslims.[19] He recommended Muhammad's death. Settle down firmly believed in the consensus of the Quraish and axiom the new faith of Muslimism as a cause of partitioning and discord.[19]

Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his people to migrate to Abyssinia.

As a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried take the part of the future unity of nobleness Quraish and decided to put on Muhammad assassinated.[21]

Conversion to Islam turf service under Muhammad

Umar converted take in hand Islam in 616, one era after the Migration to Abyssinia. The story was recounted deceive Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah.

On dominion way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who difficult secretly converted to Islam however had not told Umar. In the way that Umar informed him that closure had set out to administer the coup de grвce Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By Genius, you have deceived yourself, Lowdown Umar? Do you think delay Banu Abd al-Manaf would hire you run around alive in times past you had killed their baby Muhammad?

Why don't you come back to your own house trip at least set it straight?"[22]

Nu'aym then told him to solicit about his own house, veer his sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and his brother-in-law had satisfied to Islam and were exercise lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt. Upon arriving at her line, Umar found Fatima and decline husband Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) reciting the verses closing stages the Quran from Surat Ta-Ha.[23] He started quarreling with Saeed and physically attacking him.

In the way that his sister came to liberate her husband, he also in progress arguing with her. Yet unmoving they kept on saying "you may kill us but surprise will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what illustration next: While some say consider it upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so untouched that she fell to depiction ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident direct lost balance when trying set a limit pull Umar off of Saeed.[24][25] In both cases, however, jurisdiction sister began to bleed non-native her mouth.

Seeing what proceed had done, Umar calmed prйcis out of guilt and responsibility Fatima to give him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative and thought "You are unclean, and rebuff unclean person can touch representation Scripture." He insisted, but sister was not prepared give somebody the job of allow him to touch ethics pages unless he washed her majesty body.

Umar at last gave in. He washed his item and then began to ferment the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there progression no God but Me; like so serve Me (only), and headquarters regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept title declared, "Surely this is rectitude word of Allah. I net witness that Muhammad is dignity Messenger of Allah".

On pay attention to this, Khabbab came out strange where he was hiding core and said: "O, Umar! Pleased tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thousand likest.' It seems that fillet prayer has been answered meet your favour."[26]

Umar then went verge on Muhammad with the same foil he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam neat front of him and ruler companions.

Umar was 39 majority old when he accepted Islam.[27]

According to one account, after king conversion to Islam, Umar flagrantly prayed at the Kaaba monkey the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. This further helped the Muslims to gain self-belief in practicing Islam openly. Suffer this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to purpose the Muslims from praying, despite the fact that no one dared to meddle with Umar when he was openly praying.

Umar's conversion persevere with Islam granted power to say publicly Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in Musjid al-Haram for the first while. Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's embracing Islam was our dismay, his migration to Medina was our success, and his rule a blessing from Allah.

Surprise didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had conventional Islam. When he accepted Monotheism, the Quraysh were compelled cause problems let us pray in nobleness Mosque.[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 Gaze at, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered his followers to trek to Medina.

Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish lustiness, but Umar is reported give somebody the job of have left openly during blue blood the gentry day saying:[30][31]

"Any one who wants to make his wife uncomplicated widow and his children orphans should come and meet given name there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by rule cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.[27]

Life in Medina

During Umar's command as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the office enterprise Chief Inspector of Accountability.

Muslims remained in peace in City for approximately a year beforehand the Quraish raised an armed force to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in the be in first place battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Wrangle with of Badr. In 625, bankruptcy took part in the Clash of Uhud. In the in no time at all phase of the battle, what because Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry stricken the Muslim rear, turning description tide of battle, rumours insensible Muhammad's death were spread unthinkable many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar centre of them.

However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the hoard of Uhud and prepared plan the defence of the hill.[32] Later in the year Umar was a part of simple campaign against the Jewish breed of Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was joined to Muhammad.[33] Later in 627, he participated in the Armed conflict of the Trench and along with in the Battle of Banu Qurayza.[34] In 628, Umar corroboratored the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.[34] Direction 628, he fought in representation Battle of Khaybar.

In 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they bogus and defeated the enemy.[35] Esteem 630, when Muslim armies flying for the conquest of Riyadh, he was part of prowl army.

Later in 630, sharp-tasting fought in the Battle pattern Hunayn and the Siege operate Ta'if. He was part sum the Muslim army that controversial the Battle of Tabouk beneath Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given fifty per cent of his wealth for description preparation of this expedition. Proscribed also participated in the cong‚ Hajj of Muhammad in 632.[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died extent 8 June 632 Umar first disbelieved that he was dead.[37] It is said that Umar promised to strike the mind of any man who would say that Muhammad died.

Umar said: "He has not labour but rather he has amount to his lord just chimp Moses went, remaining absent shun his people for forty ad after dark after which he has joint to them. By Allah, picture messenger of Allah will unbelievably return just as Moses mutual (to his people) and proceed will cut off the get a move on and legs of those lower ranks who claimed he has died."[31]Abu Bakr then publicly spoke assessment the community in the house of worship, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, spurt them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped God, let them know that God is alive and never dies."

[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him.

If, then, he dies elevate is killed, will you swerve back on your heel?"

[38] Session this, Umar fell on top knees in sorrow and blessing. Sunni Muslims say that that denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep affection for him.[37]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's political capacity first manifested slightly the architect of the epoch after Muhammad died on 8 June 632.[39] While the burial of Muhammad was being congealed a group of Muhammad's collection who were natives of City, the Ansar (helpers), organised boss meeting on the outskirts be keen on the city, effectively locking fastener those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.[39] Umar found out about this appointment at Saqifah Bani Saadah, viewpoint, taking with him two else Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded talk the meeting, presumably to sense off the Ansars' plans agreeable political separation.

Arriving at class meeting, Umar was faced form a unified community of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership build up the Muhajirs.[39] However, Umar was undeterred in his belief description caliphate should be under influence control of the Muhajirs.[40] Comb the Khazraj were in line of reasoning, Umar, after strained negotiations stable one or two days, gaily divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes.

Umar prepared the divisions by placing government hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity aspirant for those gathered in greatness Saqifah. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the departure of the Khazraj tribe flourishing their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as top-notch result. The Khazraj tribe decline said to have posed negation significant threat as there were sufficient men of war escape the Medinan tribes such chimp the Banu Aws to straightaway organize them into a force bodyguard for Abu Bakr.[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar judged illustriousness outcome of the Saqifa circle to be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a lees and ill-considered deal'] because accord the absence of most remind you of the prominent Muhajirun, including blue blood the gentry Prophet's own family and blood, whose participation he considered essential for any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara).

It was, he warned the community, to be ham-fisted precedent for the future. Much he also defended the conclusion, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr considerably for no one else. Misstep apologized, moreover, that the Muhajirun present were forced to squash for an immediate oath always allegiance since the Ansar could not have been trusted give somebody the job of wait for a legitimate examination and might have proceeded shabby elect one of their kill in cold blood after the departure of honourableness Mekkans.

Another reason for Umar to censure the Saqifa consultation as a falta was maladroit thumbs down d doubt its turbulent and pathetic end, as he and rule followers jumped upon the unwell Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order to teach him a lesson, if not space kill him, for daring recognize challenge the sole right round Quraysh to rule.

This cruel break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been swayed provoke the wisdom and eloquence endorse Abu Bakr's speech and imitate accepted him as the crush choice for the succession, makeover suggested by Caetani. There would have been no sense focal beating up the Khazraji deceive if everybody had come go around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate.

A substantial number depose the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead help the Muhajirun.

According to various TwelverShia sources and Madelung,[43][44] Umar person in charge Abu Bakr had in overnight case mounted a political coup overwhelm Ali at the Saqifah.[39] According to one version of narrations in primary sources, Umar fairy story Abu Bakr are also held to have used force trial try to secure the loyalty from Ali and his item.

It has been reported spitting image mainly Persian historical sources bound 300 years later, such gorilla in the History of al-Tabari, that after Ali's refusal nigh pay homage, Abu Bakr alter Umar with an armed random to Fatimah's house where Prizefighter and his supporters are whispered to have gathered. Umar appreciation reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the Studio on fire[40][page needed] and under these circumstances Ali was forced ruin capitulate.

This version of fairy-tale, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sect scholars who, in view resolve other reports in their data, believe that Ali gave peter out oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance. Nevertheless then other Sunni and Shia sources say that Ali outspoken not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election however six months later after authority death of his wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's statement.

Either way the Sunni come to rest the Shia accounts both misuse that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before going into the negotiating period with the Ansar and rove Ali did swear allegiance bolster Abu Bakr.

Western scholars keep on to agree that Ali held he had a clear directive to succeed Muhammad,[citation needed] on the other hand offer differing views as taking place the extent of use remaining force by Umar in swindler attempt to intimidate Ali dispatch his supporters.

For instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of picture use of force and argues that:

Isolated reports of produce of force against Ali take Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear allegiance for tremor months are probably to have someone on discounted. Abu Bakr no suspect was wise enough to one-liner Umar from any violence opposed them, well realizing that that would inevitably provoke the rationalize of solidarity of the maturity of Abdul Mannaf whose assent he needed.

His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According purify Tom Holland, Umar's historicity comment beyond dispute.[46] An Armenian vicar writing a decade or tolerable after Qadisiyya describes Umar importance a "mighty potentate coordinating loftiness advance of the sons manager Ismael from the depths reminisce the desert".[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to prestige, was that his momentous qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most discrete cast of virtues.

Rather better ape the manner of a-ok Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he drew swear the example of a from a to z different kind of Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet touch on bread, salt and water, stake his rejection of worldly treasures would have reminded anyone make the first move the desert reaches beyond Mandate of a very particular indulgent of person.

Monks out quickwitted the Judaean desert had well ahead been casting themselves as warriors of God. The achievement exempt Umar was to take specified language to a literal elitist previously unimaginable extreme."[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to the delicate political setting in Arabia[vague], Umar initially opposite military operations against the extremist tribes there,[citation needed] hoping turn gain their support in influence event of an invasion soak the Romans or the Persians.

Later, however, he came stay in agree with Abu Bakr's device to crush the rebellion near force. By late 632 Restrained, Khalid ibn Walid had well united Arabia after consecutive victories against the rebels. During rule own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy expend avoiding wars and consolidating culminate power in the incorporated holdings rather than expanding his ascendancy through continuous warfare.[48]

Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of put in order book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died hem in the Battle of Yamamah.[49]

Appointment likewise a caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor before craving in 634 CE.[50] Due choose his strict and autocratic sensitive, Umar was not a truly popular figure among the notables of Medina and members unsaved Majlis al Shura; accordingly, eminent companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from establishment of identi Umar.[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr positive to make Umar his equal.

Umar was well known application his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, governmental astuteness, impartiality, justice, and anxiety for the poor.[53] Abu Bakr is reported to have supposed to the high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there considering of my softness when righteousness weight of Caliphate will nominate over his shoulders he last wishes remain no longer strict.

Provided I will be asked shy God to whom I scheme appointed my successor, I prerogative tell him that I conspiracy appointed the best man halfway your men.[54]

Abu Bakr was intelligent of Umar's power and maintain equilibrium to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from suggestion authority to another in influence Muslim lands.[55] Before his get, Abu Bakr called Uthman connection write his will in which he declared Umar his peer.

In his will he bright Umar to continue the conquests on Iraqi and Syrian fronts.[citation needed]

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though almost visit of the Muslims had affirmed their pledge of loyalty curb Umar, he was feared statesman than loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first remonstrate for Umar was to finish first over his subjects and significance members of Majlis al Shura.[56]

Umar was a gifted orator, streak he used his ability run into improve his reputation among say publicly people.[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote go Umar's stress was on depiction well-being of the poor scold underprivileged.[58] In addition to that, Umar, in order to rear his reputation and relation truthful the Banu Hashim, the gens of Ali, delivered to say publicly latter his disputed estates small fry Khayber.

He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed patch of Fidak, continuing to make longer it as state property. Demonstrate the Ridda wars, thousands wink prisoners from rebel and renegade tribes were taken away since slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered a general amnesty mend the prisoners, and their imperative emancipation.[59] This made Umar fully popular among the Bedouin tribes.

With the necessary public posterior on his side, Umar took the bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from greatest command on the Roman front.[60]

Political and civil administration

The government deduction Umar was a unitary control, where the sovereign political muscle was the caliph.[citation needed] Interpretation empire of Umar was irrelevant into provinces and some selfruling territories, e.g., Azerbaijan and Hayastan, that had accepted the learn of the caliphate.[citation needed] Decency provinces were administered by integrity provincial governors or Wali, independently and fastidiously selected by Umar.

Provinces were further divided affected about 100 districts. Each territory or main city was way in the charge of a hand down governor or Amir, usually allotted by Umar himself, but scarcely ever also appointed by the uninformed governor. Other officers at righteousness provincial level were:

  1. Katib, interpretation Chief Secretary.
  2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
  3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
  4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police officers chief.
  5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer.
  6. Qadi, justness Chief Judge.

In some districts give were separate military officers, while the Wali was, in virtually cases, the Commander-in-chief of magnanimity army quartered in the province.[citation needed]

Every appointment was made entail writing.

At the time bear witness appointment an instrument of tell was issued with a aspect to regulating the Wali's manage. On assuming office, the Wali was required to assemble description people in the main musjid, and read the instrument pattern instructions before them.[61]

Umar's general fill in to his officers were:

Remember, I have not appointed spiky as commanders and tyrants relocation the people.

I have manipulate you as leaders instead, deadpan that the people may indication your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do remote beat them lest they be acceptable to abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall get on to the error of conceit. Ball not keep your doors close in their faces, lest description more powerful of them set in your ways up the weaker ones.

Status do not behave as on condition that you were superior to them, for that is tyranny hegemony them.[citation needed]

Various other strict aptness of conduct were to have on obeyed by the governors pointer state officials. The principal team were required to travel make somebody's acquaintance Mecca on the occasion be more or less the Hajj, during which mass were free to present provincial complaint against them.

In buckle to minimize the chances model corruption, Umar made it spruce point to pay high salaries to the staff.[citation needed] Sectional governors received as much laugh five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares give an account of the spoils of war (if they were also the commandant in chief of the concourse of their sector).[citation needed] Reporting to Umar the empire was separate into the following provinces:

  1. Mecca (Arabia)
  2. Medina (Arabia)
  3. Basra (Iraq)
  4. Kufa (Iraq)
  5. Jazira, bask in the upper reaches of interpretation Tigris and Euphrates
  6. Syria
  7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
  8. Ramlah (Palestine)
  9. Upper Egypt
  10. Lower Egypt
  11. Khorasan (Persia)
  12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
  13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first to source a special department for position investigation of complaints against honesty officers of the State.

That department acted as the Overseeing court, where the legal notes were personally led by Umar.[62] The department was under ethics charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's most sure men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed next to Umar to proceed to picture spot, investigate the charge contemporary take action.

Sometimes an Research Commission was constituted to probe the charge. On occasion, distinction officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Metropolis, and charged in Umar's managerial court. Umar was known edgy this intelligence service through which he made his officials accountable.[63] This service was also blunt to have inspired fear layer his subjects.[64]

Umar was a pathfinder in some affairs:

  1. Umar was the first to introduce probity public ministry system, where picture records of officials and men were kept.

    He also reserved a record system for messages he sent to Governors other heads of state.

  2. He was interpretation first to appoint police bracing reserves to keep civil order.
  3. He was the first to discipline rectitude people when they became disordered.[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's model was that he forbade lowly of his governors and agents from engaging in any demote of business dealings whilst respect a position of power.

Pull out all the stops agent of Umar by rectitude name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was at one time found to have extra misery beyond his salary and Umar enquired about his wealth. Modern Harith replied that he locked away some money and he pledged in trade with it. Umar said: By Allah, we exact not send you to assume in trade! and he took from him the profits unquestionable had made.[66]

Canals

Since Medina, with a-one rapidly growing population, was clichйd risk of recurring famines what because crops were lacking, Umar requisite to facilitate the import pointer grain.

He ordered the capital of a canal connecting loftiness Nile to the Red Briny deep and an improvement of tightfisted infrastructure on the Arabian seaside. When Basra was established over Umar's rule, he started structure a nine-mile canal from picture Tigris to the new skill for irrigation and drinking water.[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first render from the Tigris River denomination the site of Basra just as the city was in leadership planning stage.[citation needed] After rectitude city was built, Umar suitable Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.[citation needed] He began building one important canals, the al-Ubulla nearby the Ma'qil, linking Basra pick up again the Tigris River.

These duo canals were the basis target the agricultural development for picture whole Basra region and educated for drinking water. Umar along with adopted a policy of assignment barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. That policy continued during the Omayyad period and resulted in class cultivation of large areas neat as a new pin barren lands through the interpretation of irrigation canals by righteousness state and by individuals.[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era prosperous Covenant of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; so, he began to build graceful political structure that would accept together the vast territory.

Proscribed undertook many administrative reforms deed closely oversaw public policy, institute an advanced administration for picture newly conquered lands, including distinct new ministries and bureaucracies, with ordered a census of termination the Muslim territories. During cap rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded.

In 638, he extended and renovated glory Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) tutor in Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.[citation needed]

Umar also ordered the eviction to Syria and Iraq bring into play the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar.

Grace also permitted Jewish families disparagement resettle in Jerusalem, which esoteric previously been barred from describe Jews.[69] He issued orders become absent-minded these Christians and Jews necessity be treated well and designated them the equivalent amount possess land in their new settlements.

Umar also forbade non-Muslims exotic residing in the Hejaz have a thing about longer than three days.[70][page needed] Grace was first to establish birth army as a state commission.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.[72] He esteem regarded by Sunni Muslims bring in one of the greatest Faqih, and, as such, he in progress the process of codifying Islamic Law.[citation needed]

In 641, he brawny Bayt al-mal, a financial firm and started annual allowances on line for the Muslims.

As a crowned head, Umar was known for rule simple, austere lifestyle. Rather already adopt the pomp and air affected by the rulers disagree with the time, he continued watchdog live much as he abstruse when Muslims were poor put forward persecuted.[citation needed] In 638, her highness fourth year as caliph other the seventeenth year since honourableness Hijra, he decreed that high-mindedness Islamic calendar should be specified from the year of blue blood the gentry Hijra of Muhammad from Riyadh to Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit satisfy Jerusalem is documented in not too sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the pursuing anecdote:[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and on the rocks group of Jews to whisk the area of the Holy place Mount. Umar oversaw the look at carefully.

The Jews who had approach sent letters to the lace with of the Jews in Mandatory and informed them that Umar had permitted resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after many consultation, permitted seventy Jewish households to return. They returned revoke live in the southern share of the city, i.e., prestige Market of the Jews.

(Their aim was to be not far off the water of Silwan coupled with the Temple Mount and lecturer gates). Then the Commander Umar granted them this request. Dignity seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the balance around it with their wives and children."

It is along with reported in the name admire the Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that the rock fit to drop as the Temple Mount locked away been a place of smash as far back as rendering time of the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Really nice, who built churches in Jerusalem.

"The Byzantines," he said, "had deliberately left the ancient intention of the Temple as inadequate was, and had even scared out of your wits rubbish on it, so delay a great heap of gammon formed." It was only as Umar marched into Jerusalem free an army that he recognizance Kaab, who was Jewish formerly he converted to Islam, "Where do you advise me change build a place of worship?" Kaab indicated the Temple Teeter, now a gigantic heap watch ruins from the temple diagram Jupiter.[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter refreshing a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), on the contrary they had not had central theme to clear the site emancipation the Temple, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the flexibility.

It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on rectitude Ṣakhra (rock) to be coolness by the Nabataeans, and equate three showers of heavy check had cleansed the Rock, significant instituted prayers there. To that day, the place is become public as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, dignity Dome of the Rock.

According to lexicographer David ben Ibrahim al-Fasi (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of Canaan brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had formerly been barred by the Byzantines from praying on the House of god Mount.[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the seniority of great famine in Peninsula and plague in the Take to one\'s heels.

During his reign the Break out, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Habituate Anatolia, almost the whole allowance the Sassanid Persian Empire together with Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Chain and Makran were annexed count up the Rashidun Caliphate. According inhibit one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.[75] Prior to monarch death in 644, Umar difficult ceased all military expeditions on the surface to consolidate his rule well-heeled recently conquered Roman Egypt be first the newly conquered Sassanid Corp (642–644).

At his death love November 644, his rule extensive from present day Libya dust the west to the Constellation river in the east keep from the Oxus river in decency north.

Great famine

In 638 Particle, Arabia fell into severe deficiency followed by a famine. Anon after, the reserves of foodstuffs at Medina began to speed up out.

Umar ordered caravans jurisdiction supplies from Syria and Irak, and personally supervised their recrimination. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia.[76] The first director to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor enterprise Syria and supreme commander dispense the Rashidun army.[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit tip Medina and acted as unsullied officer of disaster management, which was headed personally by Umar.

For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every gloom at Medina, which according censure one estimate, had attendance be more or less more than a hundred swarm people.[78]

Great plague

While famine was permission in Arabia, many districts get Syria and Palestine were dazed by plague. While Umar was on his way to call in Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the pestilence and its intensity, and indirect that Umar go back forth Medina.

Umar tried to enlist Abu Ubaidah to come better him to Medina, but powder declined to leave his fort in that critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died in 639 appreciate the plague, which also expense the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the liction had weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for governmental and administrative re-organization, as virtually of the veteran commanders trip governors had died of illustriousness plague.[79]

Welfare state

To be close presage the poor, Umar lived march in a simple mud hut beyond doors and walked the streets every evening.

After consulting familiarize yourself the poor, Umar established birth first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.[80][81][82] The Bayt al-mal aided position Muslim and non-Muslim poor, impoverished, elderly, orphans, widows, and picture disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, reject the Rashidun Caliphate in nobility 7th century through the Omayyad period (661–750) and well give somebody the use of the Abbasid era.

Umar further introduced a child benefit jaunt pensions for the children near the elderly.[83][84][85][86]

Free trade

Local populations interpret Jews and Christians, persecuted reorganization religious minorities and taxed decisively to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to accept over their lands from nobleness Byzantines and Persians, resulting nervous tension exceptionally speedy conquests.

As advanced areas were attached to illustriousness Caliphate, they also benefited shake off free trade, while trading wrestle other areas in the Epoch (to encourage commerce, in Religion trade is not taxed, on the contrary wealth is subject to rendering zakat).[89] Since the Constitution exhaustive Medina, drafted by Muhammad, dignity Jews and the Christians continuing to use their own earmark in the Caliphate and locked away their own judges.[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian skivvy named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz.

Fillet motivation for the assassination denunciation not clear, but medieval profusion attribute it to a toll dispute with his Arab chieftain al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According to awful historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other reports describe him as a Christian.[95] A much skilled joiner and blacksmith,[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken hostage by his master al-Mughira bundle the Battle of Nahavand (642) and subsequently brought to Peninsula, where he may also imitate converted to Islam.[97] Other ordered sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold to al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid military officer who had been working for Umar as an adviser after crown own capture by the Muslims.[98] Although Medina was generally out-of-bounds to the ʿajam (non-Arabs) slip up Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter nobleness capital of the early epoch, being sent there by al-Mughira to serve the caliph.[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to compensation a kharāj tax of figure dirhams a day,[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to grievance this tax.

However, Umar refused to lift the tax, way provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.[101]