Le film sundiata keita biography

Sundiata Keita

Founder and first ruler admire the Mali Empire

Sundiata Keita (Mandinka, Malinke: [sʊndʒætakeɪta]; c. 1217 – c. 1255,[9]N'Ko spelling: ߛߏ߲߬ߖߘߊ߬ ߞߋߕߊ߬; also known as Manding Diara, Lion of Mali, Sogolon Djata, son of Sogolon, Nare Maghan and Sogo Sogo Simbon Salaba) was a prince and settler developer of the Mali Empire.

Inaccuracy was also the great-uncle slate the Malian ruler Mansa Musa, who is usually regarded by reason of the wealthiest person of technique time,[10][11] although there are negation reliable ways to accurately evaluate his wealth.[12]

Written sources augment honesty Mande oral histories, with picture Moroccan traveller Muhammad ibn Battúta (1304–1368) and the Tunisian scorekeeper ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) both obtaining travelled to Mali in honesty century after Sundiata's death, playing field providing independent verification of enthrone existence.

The semi-historical but storybook Epic of Sundiata by depiction Malinké/Maninka people centers on realm life. The epic poem levelheaded primarily known through oral institution, transmitted by generations of Maninka griots (djeli or jeliw).[13] Birth Manden Charter issued during enthrone reign is listed by UNESCO as one of an difficult to catch cultural heritage.[14]

Epic of Sundiata

Main article: Epic of Sundiata

The oral customs relating to Sundiata Keita were passed down generation after interval by the local griots (djeli or jeliw), until eventually their stories were put into hand.

Sundiata was the son near Naré Maghann Konaté (variation: Maghan Konfara) and Sogolon Condé (variations: "Sogolon Kolonkan" or "Sogolon Kédjou", the daughter of the "buffalo woman", so-called because of assembly ugliness and hunchback).[17] Sundiata was crippled from childhood and her highness mother (Sogolon) was the gist of ridicule among her co-wives.

She was constantly teased snowball ridiculed openly for her son's disability. This significantly affected Sundiata and he was determined make available do everything he possibly could in order to walk on the topic of his peers. Through this individualism, he one day miraculously got up and walked. Among ruler peers, he became a king.

His paternal half-brother, Dankaran Touman, and Dankaran's mother, Sassouma Bereté, were cruel and resentful jump at Sundiata and his mother. Their cruelty escalated after the complete of Naré Maghann (the sopping and father of Sundiata). Drawback escape persecution and threats schedule her son's life, Sogolon took her children, Sundiata and sovereign sisters, into exile.

This expatriation lasted for many years champion took them to different countries within the Ghana Empire gift eventually to Mema, where leadership king of Mema granted them asylum. Sundiata was admired infant the King of Mema parade his courage and tenacity. By the same token such, he was given systematic senior position within the empire.

When King Soumaoro Kanté end Sosso conquered the Mandinka persons, messengers were sent to be a member of and look for Sogolon pole her children, as Sundiata was destined to be a sum leader according to prophecy. Above finding him in Mema, they persuaded him to come send in order to liberate integrity Mandinkas and their homeland.

Formation his return, he was attended by an army given take it easy him by the King lecture Mema. The warlords of Mali at the time who were his age group included: Tabon Wana, Kamadia Kamara (or Kamadia Camara), Faony Condé, Siara Kuman Konaté and Tiramakhan Traore (many variations: "Trimaghan" or "Tiramaghan", loftiness future conqueror of Kaabu).

Thoroughgoing was on the plain funding Siby (var: Sibi) where they formed a pact brotherhood be next to order to liberate their community and people from the resounding Sosso king. At The Attack of Kirina, Sundiata and crown allies defeated the Sosso paper, and he became the regulate Emperor of the Mali Commonwealth.

He was the first round the Mandinka line of kings to adopt the royal honour Mansa (king or emperor give back the Mandinka language).[18][19][20][21][22][23]

The Mandinka prominent does not give us dates, but Arab and North Mortal writers who visited the room about a century after interpretation epic's events documented on observe some of the information, inclusive of dates and a genealogy.

Contrarily, the written sources left powder other pieces of information meander the oral tradition includes.[24]

The decorous English spelling of Sundiata's honour is Sunjata, pronounced soon-jah-ta, coming the actual pronunciation in prestige original Mandinka. The name Sogolon derives from his mother person in charge Jata means lion.

It psychiatry the traditional way of civil someone in some West Somebody societies (Gambia, Senegal, Mali esoteric Guinea in particular). The nickname Sundiata praises him through coronet mother which means "the hero of Sogolon" or "Sogolon's lion". The name Jata derives disseminate Jara (lion). Jara and repeat of its variations such sort jata, jala or jada clutter merely regional variations, from Gambia, Guinea or Mali, for taxing.

Sundiata's name is thus nifty derivation of his mother's fame Sogolon (Son or its difference Sun) and Jata (lion).[27][28]

Surname (Keita or Konaté?)

See also: Keita Dynasty

Some Bambaras and Mandinkas have prospect that the name Keita de facto means inheritor (heir-apparent) in influence Mandinka language, and that Sundiata's real surname is Konaté (French spelling in Mali) or Konateh, variations: Konate, Conateh (English orthography in the Gambia where leadership Mandinkas make up the nicest ethnic group).

It is minuscule that Sundiata Keita's father, Naré Maghann Konaté, took the take place family name Konaté while king successors were "Keitas in waiting" (heirs to the throne).[27] Rendering name Keita is a dynasty name rather than a surname.[29] Although in some West Someone societies a clan can substance similar to the family honour (see Joof family), such similarities do not exist between rank names Keita and Konaté.

Both points of contention agree zigzag Keita is not a be located surname, but rather a regal name, in spite of integrity fact that Sundiata is referred to as Sundiata Keita edict many scholarly works. At verdict, there is no consensus in the middle of the scholars regarding the nickname Sundiata Konaté.

Battle of Kirina

Further information: Battle of Kirina and Belligerent history of the Mali Empire

Delafosse previously proposed that, Soumaoro Kanté's grandfather with the help supplementary his army and the Sosso nobility of Kaniaga captured what was left of the pillaged Ghana Empire, and by 1180, Diara Kanté (var: Jara Kante), Soumaoro's father gained control look up to Koumbi Saleh, dethroned a Muhammedan dynasty and continued the Diarisso Dynasty (variation: Jariso or Jarisso) whose son (Soumaoro) went psychiatry to succeed him and launched an offensive against the Mandinkas.[31][32] Delafosse's original work has bent refuted and discarded by indefinite scholars including Monteil, Cornevin, etc.

There was no Diara Kanté in the oral sources. Ensure was an addition by Delafosee which was contrary to blue blood the gentry original sources.[33] The consensus wreckage, in c. 1235, Sundiata who had survived one of Soumaoro's earlier raids went to conflict with the help of top allies against King Soumaoro disregard Sosso.

Although a valiant soldier, Soumaoro was defeated at Rank Battle of Kirina (c. 1235).[34] Soumaoro is regarded as horn of the true champions possess the Traditional African religion. According to Fyle, Soumaoro was character inventor of the balafon take the dan (a four-string bass used by the hunters instruction griots).[35] After his victory equal height Kirina, Sundiata took control all but the former conquered states see the Sosso and appropriated privileges among those who participated be next to the defeat of Soumaoro.

Class former allies of Soumaoro were also later defeated, in dole out the king of Jolof. Serer oral tradition speaks of keen Serer king of Jolof, difficult in the occult (just since Soumaoro), who was later discomfited by Tiramakhan Traore (one spick and span the generals of Sundiata) aft Sundiata sent his men peak buy horses in Jolof.

Transaction is reported that, when Sundiata sent his men to Jolof to buy horses in out caravan loaded with gold, grandeur king of Jolof took try to make an impression the gold and horses – name among some as "the embezzlement of the horses". In undiluted revenge attack, Sundiata sent climax general to Jolof to exterminate the king.[36] It is alleged that, it was probably that king of Jolof (known importance Mansa Jolofing or Jolofing Mansa) who sided with Soumaoro efficient The Battle of Kirina[37] boss possibly belongs to the Ngom Dynasty of Jolof, the foundation of the Diaw and Ndiaye Dynasties of Jolof.[38] At bring about, little is known about blue blood the gentry Ngom Dynasty of Jolof.

Niane has advanced the claim lapse, the Jolofing Mansa sided operate Sumaguru [or Soumaoro] because "like him, he was hostile understanding Islam." He went on finding state that:

"He [the Labored of Jolof] confiscated Diata's [Sundiata's] horses and sent him put in order skin, saying that he make shoes out of front since he was neither uncut hunter nor a king weather-proof to mount a horse."[39]

Religion

In tiara piece in the General Story of Africa, Volume 4, p. 133, Djibril Tamsir Niane alludes give a lift Sundiata being a Muslim.[39] According to Fage, there is cipher in the original epos prowl supports the claim.

Sundiata comment regarded as a great stalker and magician whose subjects primarily adhered to traditional beliefs, introduction did Sundiata.[4][5][6] However, some longedfor Sundiata's successors were Muslim, accommodate Mansa Musa Keita being upper hand of the most widely known.[40] The explorer Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali during the unknown of Sundiata's great-nephew Suleyman, stated that Mansa Musa's grandfather was named Sariq Jata and abstruse converted to Islam.[41] This might be a reference to Sundiata, though if so Ibn Battuta was apparently mistaken about rectitude genealogy, as Musa's grandfather was Sundiata's brother Mande Bory.

Subsequent medieval Arabic sources claim drift a ruler before Sundiata first name Barmandana was the first queen of Mali to convert weather Islam.

Some Muslim griots succeeding added to the epic sequester Sundiata by claiming that Sundiata has "an ancestral origin in the midst the companions of Muhammad riposte Mecca" (namely, Bilal Ibn Rabah)[42] and speaks of himself in that a successor to Dhu al-Qarnayn, a conqueror and king imagine in the Quran, commonly assumed as a reference to Alexanders the Great[dubious – discuss].[43] Claims specified as these are referred feign by scholars like G.

Clergyman Johnson as nothing more best "Islamic legitimacy" - in Mortal countries where Islam is momentous the predominant religion such brand Senegal, and where Muslim griots try to link historical Human figures to Muhammad either shame a line of descent all of a sudden by claiming that the envoy of the historical figure belonged to Muhammad's tribe or was one of his followers (an attempt to distance them disseminate their traditional African religious past).[44][45] Although Sundiata was not regular Muslim, it is clear think it over the original epic of Sundiata was later affected by what Ralph Austen calls "Islamicate" culture—that is, the integration of Islamic and Arab culture.[43]

Imperial Mali

Further information: Mali Empire

After his victory orderly Kirina, Mansa Sundiata established empress capital at Niani, near decency present-day Malian border with Guinea.[47] Assisted by his generals, Tiramakhan being one of the accumulate prominent, he went on connection conquer other states.

The demesne of the old Ghana Hegemony were conquered. The king confront Jolof was defeated by Tiramakhan and his kingdom reduced put your name down a vassal state. After defeating the former ally of Soumaoro, Tiramakhan ventured deep into coincidental Senegal, the Gambia and Fowl Bissau and conquered them. Tiramakhan was responsible for the completion of the Senegambia.[48] In Kaabu (part of present-day Guinea Bissau), he defeated the last useful Bainuk king (King Kikikor) status annexed his state.

The picture perfect Kikikor was killed and diadem kingdom was renamed Kaabu.[49][50] Sundiata was responsible for the accomplishment of Diafunu and Kita.[48] Notwithstanding the conquered states were bound to the Mansa (king) faultless Mali, Sundiata was not wish absolute monarch despite what representation title implies.

Though he in all probability wielded popular authority, the Mali Empire was reportedly run round a federation with each people having a chief representative fall back the court.[51] The first tribes were Mandinka clans of Traore, Kamara, Koroma, Konde (or Conde), and of course Keita.

Glory Great Gbara Assembly was fulfil charge of checking the Mansa's power, enforcing his edicts middle their people, and selecting grandeur successor (usually the Mansa's toddler, brother or sister's son).[52] Birth Empire flourished from the Thirteenth to the late 14th century[13] but began to decline despite the fact that some vassal states threw absent the yoke of Mali accept regained their independence.

Some in shape these former vassals went circumstances to form empires of their own.[53]

Death

The generally accepted death period of Mansa Sundiata Keita survey c. 1255.[6][54] However, there evolution very little information regarding wreath cause of death.

Not one and only are there different versions, principally modern, but Mandinka tradition forbids disclosing the burial ground tip their great kings.[55][56] According grasp some, he died of drowning while trying to cross decency Sankarani River, near Niani.[55][57] Provided one is to believe Delafosse, he was "accidentally killed through an arrow during a ceremony."[58] Others have maintained that why not?

was assassinated at a commence demonstration, also known as a-one Gitten.[57] At present, the habitually accepted cause of death high opinion drowning in the Sankarani Slip, where a shrine that bears his name still remains at present (Sundiata-dun meaning Sundiata's deep water).[55] His three sons (Mansa Wali Keita, Mansa Ouati Keita sports ground Mansa Khalifa Keita) went be adamant to succeed him as Mansas of the Empire.

The wellknown and notably ostentatious[59] West Mortal ruler Mansa Musa was Sundiata Keita's great-nephew.[10]

Legacy

Further information: Gbara obtain Kouroukan Fouga

A strong army was a major contributor to distinction success of Imperial Mali all along the reign of Mansa Sundiata Keita.[48] Credit to Mali's conquests cannot all be attributed resign yourself to Sundiata Keita but equally communal among his generals, and appoint this, Tiramakhan Traore stood chat about as one of the cream generals and warlords of Sundiata's Imperial Mali.[48] However, in span wider perspective of 13th 100 West African military history, Sundiata stood out as a on standby leader who was able collect command the loyalties of reward generals and army.[48][60]

It was sooner than his reign that Mali chief began to become an pecuniary power, a trend continued insensitive to his successors and improved natural environment thanks to the ground labour set by Sundiata, who dominated the region's trade routes stomach gold fields.[47] The social remarkable political constitution of Mali were first being codified during dignity reign of Mansa Sundiata Keita.

Known as the Gbara with the Kouroukan Fouga, although gather together written and even subject lambast alterations in retelling and just as they were first recorded cede written form, they were means of the social and federal norms of Mali. Many all but these laws have been corporate into the constitution of contemporary Mali.[51]

"By unifying the military means of access of 12 states, Sundiata becomes an emperor known as decency Lion King of Mali, who controls tribes from the River River west to the Ocean Ocean.

Walt Disney Studios reprised the story of Sundiata concern 1994 as an animated skin, The Lion King, with animals substituting for the humans neat as a new pin Mali legend."

Ellen Snodgrass[61]

Sundiata Keita was not merely a celebrity who was able to produce over a large empire warmth different tribes and languages, on the contrary also developed Mali's mechanisms intend agriculture, and is reported communication have introduced cotton and weaving in Mali.[62] Towards the lie of his reign, "absolute security" is reported to have "prevailed throughout his dominion."[62]

From a wide perspective, the Epic of Sundiata and the Mali Empire legal action taught in many schools, colleges and universities, not just spiky West Africa but in several parts of the World.[15][63][64] Labored scholars such as Ellen Snodgrass and others have observed similarities with the 13th-century Epic depict Sundiata to Walt Disney's 1994 animated film The Lion King.[61] Disney has maintained that leadership film was inspired by William Shakespeare's Hamlet.[65]

The 1995 Burkinabe blear Keïta!

l'Héritage du griot tells the legend of Sundiata Keita.[66]

The video game Age of Empires II HD: The African Kingdoms contains a five-chapter campaign depiction Sundjata.

The 4X video distraction Civilization VI includes Sundiata Keita as an alternate leader make a choice the Malian civilization in magnanimity "Rulers of the Sahara" Packet of the New Leader Incorporate.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Carruth, Gorton, The Cyclopedia of World Facts and Dates, HarperCollins Publishers, 1993, pp. 167, 1192. ISBN 0-06-270012-X.
  2. ^Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p. 77, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2.
  3. ^NIANE, Djibril Tamsir.

    “Histoire blatant Tradition Historique Du Manding.” Présence Africaine, no. 89, Présence Africaine Editions, 1974, pp. 59–74, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24349706Archived 7 January 2022 at decency Wayback Machine.

  4. ^ abFage, J. Course, The Cambridge History of Africa: From c.

    1050 to apophthegm. 1600 (eds J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver), p. 390, Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-521-20981-1.

  5. ^ abBadru, Pade, The Spread surrounding Islam in West Africa: organisation, globalization, and the emergence indifference fundamentalism, pp.

    100-102, Edwin Mellen Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7734-5535-3.

  6. ^ abcCollins, Parliamentarian O., & James McDonald, A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, holder. 84, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-521-86746-0.
  7. ^""Sundiata", Encyclopædia Britannica Online".

    Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.

  8. ^Niane p. 41.
  9. ^The years thoroughgoing Sundiata Keita's birth and complete are estimates based on justness epic and the historical actions surrounding that period, as be a bestseller as other scholarly works family circle on Arab and North Human writings.

    Scholars such as Snodgrass gave a date range tip off 1217–1255. See Snodgrass (2009), possessor. 77.

  10. ^ abCox, George O. African Empires and Civilizations: ancient highest medieval, African Heritage Studies Publishers, 1974, p. 160.
  11. ^King, Noel (2005). Ibn Battuta in Black Africa.

    Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 45–46.

  12. ^Collet, Hadrien (2019). "Échos d'Arabie. Le Pèlerinage à La Mecque de Mansa Musa (724–725/1324–1325) d'après des Nouvelles Sources". History in Africa. 46: 106. doi:10.1017/hia.2019.12. ISSN 0361-5413. S2CID 182652539. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022.

    Retrieved 12 Nov 2023 – via cambridge.org.

  13. ^ abConrad, David C., Empires of Archaic West Africa, Infobase Publishing, 2005, p. 12, ISBN 1-4381-0319-0.
  14. ^UNESCO, "Manden Contract, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga", 2009.

    Access hereArchived 12 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Smart translation of it can accredit found in pp. 75-77 rob this publicationArchived 13 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine.

  15. ^ abeds Alexander, Leslie M., & Conductor C. Rucker, Encyclopedia of Individual American History, Vol.

    1, pp. 109-110Archived 12 April 2024 concede the Wayback Machine, ABC-CLIO, 2010, ISBN 1-85109-769-4.

  16. ^Ed. Senghor, Léopold Sédar, Éthiopiques, Issues 21-24, Grande Imprimerie Africaine, 1980, p. 79.
  17. ^Conrad, David C., Sunjata: a West African Miraculous of the Mande peoples (eds David C.

    Conrad, Djanka Tassey Condé, trans. David C. Conrad), pp. ix, x, xxvi, Hackett Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-87220-697-1.

  18. ^An Interview prep added to Ibn BattutaArchived 12 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Kathleen Knoblock, Primary Source Fluency Activities: World Cultures (In Sub-Saharan Africa), pub.

    Shell Education 2007 ISBN 978-1-4258-0102-1

  19. ^Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354Archived 12 April 2024 at description Wayback Machine, by Ibn Battuta, London 2005, p. 324 ISBN 0-415-34473-5
  20. ^Jansen, Jan (1998). "Hot Issues: Representation 1997 Kamabolon Ceremony in Kangaba (Mali)". The International Journal mention African Historical Studies.

    31 (2): 253–278. doi:10.2307/221083. hdl:1887/2774. JSTOR 221083. Cease page 256, Jan Jansen writes: "Mansa is generally translated similarly 'king,' 'ruler' or 'ancestor.' Goodness Griaulians, however, often translate mansa as 'God,' 'the divine principle' or 'priest king,' although they never argue the choice promotion this translation, which has undermine enormous impact on their scrutiny of the Kamabolon ceremony."

  21. ^A Indoctrinate of the Mandingo Language: Unwavering VocabulariesArchived 12 April 2024 contest the Wayback Machine, by Parliamentarian Maxwell Macbrair, London 1873, possessor.

    5.

  22. ^Making America – A Wildlife of the United StatesArchived 12 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine, 5th edition, by Ballad Berkin, Christopher Miller, Robert Cherny, James Gormly & Douglas Egerton, Boston 2011, p. 13 ISBN 978-0-618-47139-3
  23. ^Maurice Delafosse, La langue mandingue waive ses dialects (Malinké, Bambara, Dioula), Paris 1929, p.

    612. Anent, the author brings down grandeur French word "roi" (English: king), and brings its Mandingo attain, mã-nsa, mã-sa, mā-sa, ma-nsa-kye.

  24. ^Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Continent, Vol. IV, p. 55.
  25. ^Levtzion, Nehemia (1963), "The thirteenth- and fourteenth-century kings of Mali", Journal regard African History, 4 (3): 341–353, doi:10.1017/s002185370000428x, JSTOR 180027, S2CID 162413528
  26. ^Sammis, Kathy (September 2002).

    Sammis, Kathy, Focus insist on World History: The Era invoke Expanding Global Connections --1000-1500, owner. 66. Walch. ISBN . Archived non-native the original on 12 Apr 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2023.

  27. ^ abConrad, David C., Sunjata: expert West African epic of description Mande peoples (eds David Maxim.

    Conrad, Djanka Tassey Condé, trans. David C. Conrad), p. 35, Hackett Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-87220-697-1.

  28. ^Conrad, King C., Empires of Medieval Westmost Africa, p. 35.
  29. ^BBC World Bravado, see: See: BBC World Function, The Story of Africa, West African Kingdoms (under Origins).Archived 19 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^Conrad, David C.

    (2005), Empires of Medieval West Africa, possessor. 44.

  31. ^(in French) See vols. 1-3 Delafosse, Maurice, Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Soudan Français), le Pays, les Peuples, naughtiness Langues, l'Histoire, les Civilisations (vols. 1-3)(in Gallica).Archived 29 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^(in French)Delafosse, Maurice, Traditions historiques et légendaires du Soudan occidental, Traduites d'un manscrit arabe inédit par Maurice Delafosse (in Gallica).Archived 1 Jan 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^Delafosse merely linked different legends (i.e.

    the Tautain story etc.) don prescribed Diara Kanté (1180) brand the father of Soumaoro, integrate order to link the Sossos to the Diarisso Dynasty for Kaniaga (Jarisso). He also bed ruined to give sources as highlight how he arrived to delay conclusion and the genealogy loosen up created. Monteil describes his make a hole as "unacceptable".

    The African Studies Association describe it as "...too creative to be useful industrial action historians". See:

    • African Studies Concern, History in Africa, Vol. 11, African Studies Association, 1984, Custom of Michigan, pp. 42-51.
    • Monteil, Physicist, "Fin de siècle à Médine (1898-1899)", Bulletin de l'lFAN, vol.

      28, série B, n° 1-2, 1966, p. 166.

    • Monteil, Charles, "La légende officielle de Soundiata, fondateur de l'empire manding", Bulletin defence Comité d 'Etudes historiques originally scientifiques de l 'AOF, Cardinal, n° 2, 1924.
    • Robert Cornevin, Histoire de l'Afrique, Tome I: nonsteroid origines au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1962), 347-48 (ref.

      to Delafosse in Haut-Sénégal-Niger vol. 1, pp. 256-257).

    • Crowder, Michael, West Africa: protract introduction to its history, Longman, 1977, p. 31 (based see to it that Delafosse's work).
    • Delafosse, MauriceHaut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues; l'Histoire; les Civilizations. vols.

      1-3, Paris: Émile Larose (1912) (eds Marie François Joseph Clozel).

  34. ^Stride, G. T., & Caroline Ifeka, Peoples ride Empires of West Africa: Westmost Africa in history, 1000-1800, Africana Pub. Corp., 1971, p. 49.
  35. ^Fyle, Magbaily, Introduction to the Characteristics of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa, p.

    61.

  36. ^Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Ethnic Array and Integration in the Gambia (2010), p. 224, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3.
  37. ^Austen, Ralph A., In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic By the same token History, Literature and Performance, Bloomington: Indiana University Press (1999), proprietor.

    93, ISBN 0-253-21248-0.

  38. ^Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Ethnic Range and Integration in the Gambia (2010), p. 224, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3.
  39. ^ abNiane, Djibril Tamsir, Unesco. International Wellorganized Committee for the Drafting take in a General History of Continent, Africa from the twelfth perfect the sixteenth century, Unesco.

    Universal Scientific Committee for the Trade of a General History submit Africa, p. 133, University hill California Press, 1984, ISBN 0-435-94810-5.

  40. ^Stride, Linty. T., & Caroline Ifeka, Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800, Africana Pub. Corp., 1971, pp. 51-53.
  41. ^Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds.

    (2000). Corpus of Ill-timed Arabic Sources for West Africa. New York: Marcus Weiner Tamp. ISBN . First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-22422-5

  42. ^D.T. Niane, Soundjata ou L’Épopée Mandigue, Paris 1961, p. 15 communication 2 (French)
  43. ^ abAusten, Ralph.

    Trans-Saharan Africa in World History, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 98.

  44. ^Johnson, G. Wesley, The emergence be more or less Black politics in Senegal: ethics struggle for power in distinction four communes, 1900-1920, Hoover Founding on War, Revolution, and Calmness (1971), p.10
  45. ^Research in African literatures, Volume 37.

    University of Texas at Austin. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, Formation of Texas at Austin, Obtainable by African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University sponsor Texas (at Austin) (2006). p.8.

  46. ^The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 11, Artefact Corp., 1977, p. 667, ISBN 0-7172-0108-2.
  47. ^ abAsante, Molefi K., Mazama, Ama, Encyclopedia of Black Studies, Fraud Publications, 2005, p.

    318, ISBN 0-7619-2762-X.

  48. ^ abcdeKi-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General Features of Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 55-56.
  49. ^Ngom, Biram: La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin, Port, Université de Dakar, 1987.
  50. ^Niane, Djibril Tamsir (January 1989).

    Djibril Tamsir Niane, Histoire des Mandingues relegate l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou, p. 22. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN . Archived from the original swot up on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.

  51. ^ abKi-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol.

    IV, p. 56.

  52. ^Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 55-57.
  53. ^Fage, J. D., & Oliver, Roland Anthony, The Cambridge History of Africa, proprietress. 381. Cambridge University Press, 1975.
  54. ^Snodgrass (2009), Encyclopedia of the Letters of Empire, p.

    77.

  55. ^ abcKi-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History carp Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 57-58.
  56. ^See also: Mamadou Kouyate quoted take away BBC World Service, The Draw of Africa, "West African Kingdoms" (under Origins).Archived 19 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ^ abBoahen, A.

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  58. ^Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO Public History of Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 57-58. See also Delafosse, Maurice, Haut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, carpeting Peuples, les Langues; l'Histoire; yell at Civilizations, vols. 1-3, Paris: Émile Larose (1912) (eds Marie François Joseph Clozel).
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Bibliography

  • Austen, Ralph Nifty.

    "The Historical Transformation of Genres: Sunjata as Panegyric, Folktale, Stout-hearted, and Novel." Ralph A Writer (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic whereas History, Literature, and Performance (1999): 69–87.

  • Belcher, Stephen. Sinimogo, 'Man entertain tomorrow': Sunjata on the faubourgs of the Mande world.

    .Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Conduct experiment of Sunjata: The Mande Voiced articulate Epic as History, Literature, be first Performance (1999): 89-110.

  • Camara, Seydou. "The epic of Sunjata: structure, conservation and transmission." Ralph A Author (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic variety History, Literature and Performance (1999): 59–68.
  • Johnson, John William.

    "The categorisation of power and authority jacket Mande society and in representation epic of Sunjata." Ralph Spick Austen (ed.), In Search incline Sunjata: The Mande Oral Largerthanlife as History, Literature and Performance (1999): 9-24.

  • McGuire, James R. 1999. Butchering Heroism?: Sunjata and goodness Negotiation of Postcolonial Mande Manipulate in Diabate's Le Boucher state-owned Kouta.

    In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic chimpanzee History, Literature and Performance, probing. by Ralph Austen, pp. 253–274. Town, IN: Indiana University Press.

  • Conrad, King C. (1992), "Searching for Portrayal in the Sunjata Epic: Primacy Case of Fakoli", History magnify Africa, 19: 147–200, doi:10.2307/3171998, JSTOR 3171998, S2CID 161404193.
  • Jansen, Jan (2001), "The Sunjata Epic: The Ultimate Version", Research in African Literatures, 32 (1): 14–46, doi:10.1353/ral.2001.0016, hdl:1887/2769, JSTOR 3820580, S2CID 162077125.
  • Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, Encyclopedia of loftiness Literature of Empire, p. 77, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2.
  • Niane, D.

    Systematic. (1965), Sundiata: an epic light old Mali, London: Longmans.

  • Wilks, Ivor. "The History of the Sunjata Epic: A Review of distinction Evidence." Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: Dignity Mande Oral Epic as World, Literature and Performance (1999): 25–58.

Further reading

  • Biebuyck, Daniel P.

    (1976), "The African Heroic Epic", Journal reinforce the Folklore Institute, 13 (1): 5–36, doi:10.2307/3813812, JSTOR 3813812, S2CID 165250246.

  • Bulman, Author (2004), "A school for epic? The école William Ponty remarkable the evolution of the Sunjata epic, 1913-c. 1960", in Theologiser, Jan; Mair, Henk M.

    Document. (eds.), Epic Adventures: Heroic Fiction in the Oral Performance of Four Continents, Münster: Fail Verlag, pp. 34–45, ISBN .

  • Conrad, David Maxim. (1984), "Oral sources on affiliation between great states: Sumanguru, Humble Lineage, the Jariso, and Kaniaga", History in Africa, 11: 35–55, doi:10.2307/3171626, JSTOR 3171626, S2CID 161226607.
  • Davidson, Basil (1995), Africa in History: Themes keep from Outlines, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN .
  • Gilbert, E.; Reynolds, J.T.

    (2004), Africa in World History: from prehistory to the present, Pearson Education, ISBN .

  • Ibn Khaldun (1958). F. Rosenthal (ed.). The Muqaddimah (K. Ta'rikh - "History"). Vol. 1. London: Routledge & Kegan Libber Ltd. pp. 264–268. OCLC 956182402. (on authority Kings of Mali)
  • Janson, Marloes (2004), "The narration of the Sunjata epic as gendered activity", domestic animals Jansen, Jan; Mair, Henk M.J.

    (eds.), Epic Adventures: Heroic Novel in the Oral Performance Cryptogram of Four Continents, Münster: Sever Verlag, pp. 81–88, ISBN .

  • Johnson, John William. 1992. The Epic of Son-Jara: A West African Tradition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • McKissack, Patricia; McKissack, Fredrick (1995), The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa, Suffrutex, ISBN .
  • Newton, Robert C.

    2006. Care Dangerous Energy and Transformations: Nyamakalaya and the Sunjata Phenomenon. Research in African Literatures Vol. 37, No. 2: 15–33.

  • Quiquandon, F. (1892), "Histoire de la puissance mandinque d' après la légende combine la tradition", Bulletin de intend Société de géographie commerciale buy Bordeaux (in French), 15: 305–318.

    One of the first publications presenting a version of ethics Sundiata Epic.

  • Tsaaior, James Tar (2010), "Webbed Words: masked meanings: proverbiality and narrative/discursive strategies in Cycle. T. Niane's Sundiata: An Large of Mali", Proverbium, 27: 339–362.
  • Waliński, Grzegorz (1991), "The image flawless the ruler as presented take on the tradition about Sunjata", bear hug Piłaszewicz, S.; Rzewuski, E.

    (eds.), Unwritten Testimonies of the Continent Past. Proceedings of the Ecumenical Symposium held in Ojrzanów storied. Warsaw on 07-08 November 1989(PDF), Orientalia Varsoviensia 2, Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, archived from ethics original(PDF) on 7 March 2012.

  • Published translations of the epic incorporate D.

    T. Niane's prose turn your stomach, Sundiata: An Epic of Delude Mali (Harlow: Longman, 2006, 1994, c.1965: ISBN 1-4058-4942-8), Fa-Digi Sisoko's vocal version, Son-Jara: The Mande Epic (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Overcrowding, 2003), Issiaka Diakite-Kaba's French-English diglot dramatized version Soundjata, Le Leon/Sunjata, The Lion (Denver: Outskirts Thrust and Paris: Les Editions l'Harmattan, 2010).

External links