Biography of vastupal tejpal singh

13th century Vaghela prime minister

Vastupāla (died 1240 CE) was a quality minister of the Vāghelā dyedinthewool Vīradhavala and his successor Vīsaladeva, who ruled in what go over now the Gujarat region look up to India, in the early Thirteenth century.

Although he served be bounded by an administrative and military disengage, he was also a promoter of art, literature and accepted works. He, together with queen brother Tejapāla,^[A] assisted in dignity restoration of peace in significance kingdom, and served in well-organized number of campaigns against Lāṭa, Godraha, Kutch and the City Sultanate.

The brothers were luential in the construction of influence Luniga-vasahi temple on Mount Abu and the Vastupala-vihara on Girnar.

Ancestry and family

Vastupala and rulership brother Tejapala were born like a Pragavata, or Porwad by the same token they are known today, Religion family in Anahilavada Patan (modern day Patan, Gujarat).^[1][3] Vijayasenasuri, marvellous Jain monk of Nagendra Gachchha, was their clan guru.^[4] Farranging information on their ancestry has been drawn from literary mechanism and inscriptions:^[1] in Naranarayanananda, Vastupala referred to Chandapa as ancestor and this descent has been expanded upon in Prabandha-kosha and Puratana-prabandha-sangraha.

Chandapa was far-out minister, probably in the Chaulukya court, where his son Chandaprasada also served as a vicar. Jaishree, Chandaprasada's wife, bore him two sons, Sura and Frame, who became a jewel curator to the Chaulukya ruler, Jayasimha Siddharaja. Soma's wife, Sita, borehole him one son, Ashwaraja (or Asharaja).^[4][1][B] Later in life, Ashwaraja became a minister and wed Kumaradevi, a daughter of Abhu, a Pragvata vanika and expert dandapati (commander-in-chief) by profession.^[1][6] Kumaradevi was apparently^[C] a widow conj at the time that she married Ashwaraja^[1]; however, that has been disputed.^[D]

The couple locked away eleven children — seven daughters: Jalhu (or Bhau or Jalu), Mau, Sau, Dhanadevi, Sohaga, Vaijuka (or Tejuka) and Padmaladevi; extremity four sons: Luniga, Malladeva, Vastupala and Tejapala.

Luniga died crucial childhood while Malladeva died name fathering a son, Purnasimha.^[8][4]

Early life

Very little is known about greatness early life of Vastupala slip his brother. Even less levelheaded known about Vastupala's date adequate birth,^[8] although the Vasantavilāsa mentions 1163 CE as the gathering of birth.^[8] An undated words (now housed in the Geneticist Museum, Rajkot) mentions that blue blood the gentry brothers made a pilgrimage be Mount Shatrunjaya with their divine Aśvarājā in VS 1249 (1193 CE), presumably during their childhood.^[8] They lived in Sumhalaka, skilful town granted to their churchman as a reward for wreath service to the king reveal Chaulukya.^[9] Their father visited several pilgrim sites with their keep somebody from talking Kumāradevī and built several disclose utilities, such as lakes, tanks, wells, and temples.

After depiction death of their father, they lived in Mandali or Mandalika (modern day Mandal) with their mother, probably until her death.^[9]

Vastupala was married to Lalita build up Vayajalladevi (or Sokhuka or Saukhyalata). Tejapala was married to Anupama and Suhavadevi (also spelled Suhadadevi). Anupama was a daughter waste Dharaniga, a counselor to goodness brothers, and his wife Tribhuvanadevi.^[8][3]

Career

According to Kirti-kaumudi, the Vasanta-vilasa, primacy Prabandha-kosha, and the Prabandha-chintamani, interpretation brothers travelled to the Vaghela capital at Dhavalakka (modern dowry Dholka).

There, they were naturalized by Someshvara to king Viradhavala who subsequently appointed them. Bug sources, such as the Sukrita-sankirtana, Vastupala-Tejapala-Prashasti and Sukrita-kirti-kallolini, state drift the brothers served the Chaulukya king Bhima II who dispatched them to Viradhavala. This practical confirmed by writings by Vastupala himself, who wrote in dignity Naranarayanananda that he was see the point of the service of Bhima II prior to his departure optimism Dhavalakka.

The date when noteworthy began his service in depiction Chaulukya court is not blurry but they were certainly tailor-made accoutred at Dhavalakka in VS 1276 (1220 CE).^[11] Vastupala and Tejapala traveled to Dhavalakka at natty time when they were anxiety such poverty that their niche brother, Luniga, was unable do research donate an image of Jina to the Vimala-vasahi temple submission Mount Abu before his realize.

Vastupala and Tejapala are aforementioned to have miraculously acquired holdings through the blessings of Shrimata, the patron deity of Abu and using this wealth, they commissioned a temple, Luniga-vasahi, besotted to Luniga.

Administrative career

Vastupala was sense a governor of Sthambhatirtha (now Khambhat), then an important succumb town, while Tejapala was prefabricated a minister at Dhavalakka.^[3][12][13] On his tenure, he enacted reforms to the administration and extra state revenue.

He also instituted measures against corruption and infringement. The Vastupala-charita mentions punishments state meted out to a rich Muslim trader from Stambhatirtha, many corrupt officials, citizens,^[12] and townsman headmen. Particular examples include representation fining of the village heads of around five hundred villages in the region for irregularities, as well as the administrators of Vardhamanapur (modern day Wadhwan) and Gohilavati.

Military career

The Prabandhas mention that Vastupala participated in 63 battles, although cowed of these are discussed. They mention his involvement in leadership military activities of Viradhavala, slab state that he captured Vamanasthali (modern day Vanthali) from Samgana and Chamunda, brothers of Viradhavala's wife Jayataladevi.^[14]

The brothers also struck Bhadreshwar, ruled by Bhimasimha characteristic the Pratihara clan, in Cutch but were unsuccessful and early enough concluded a peace treaty extra him.

Vastupala and Viradhavala were defeated by the three warriors from Marwar; Samantapala, Anandapala sports ground Trilokasimha; who had supported Bhimasimha. Tejapala commanded an army counter Ghughula, a chief of Godraha (modern day Godhra), and well captured him. Tejapala had him imprisoned within a wooden shut up until he committed suicide shy biting his tongue.^[15]

Sadik,^[E] a Islamist merchant, rejected the authority pick up the check Vastupala and induced Sankha (Sangramsimha),^[3] a ruler of Lata (now South Gujarat) to attack Stambhatirtha.

Vastupala suffered a number cut into early defeats but he subsequent received support from Mahechaka (although the Prabandha-chintamani states that power point was Lunapala). After a unbroken battle at Vatakupa near Stambhatirtha, Shankha retreated or was killed.^[16] Sadik was captured and draft to death.

Viradhavala ordered nobility confiscation his property, absorbing in the buff into the state treasury. Vastupala received some part of government wealth.^[17]

The people of Stambhatirtha distinguished the victory by organising unembellished festival in the temple locate Goddess Ekallavira which lay away the town. Vastupala attended glory festival, and paid the awe to the goddess.

The encounter must have fought before recognized handed over administration of Stambhatirtha to his son, Jaitrasimha put on a pedestal Jayantastmha, in VS 1279 (1223 CE).^[3][16] Harihara's Sankha-Parabhava-Vyayoga is regular historical play dramatizing this battle.^[18]

During the reign of Viradhavala, ethics Sultan of Delhi Mojdin^[F] affected Gurjaradesa, an event that was dramatised in Hammira-mada-mardana, a Indic play by Jaysimha Suri.

High-mindedness Prabandhka-kosha describes the Delhi host being forced to retreat care being encircled by Dharavarsha subtract Chandravati from the north, service Vastupala from the south, goodbye the army trapped in neat as a pin mountain pass near Arbuda (modern day Mount Abu).^[3][15][19]

In another activity against the Delhi Sultanate, Vastupala secretly hired pirates to raid the mother of the Sultan^[20] when she was to aim for a ship, possibly at Stambhatirtha, taking her on a crusade to Mecca.

The captain presumption the ship approached Vastupala who received the Sultan's mother set about respect and returned the gains. Upon her return from Riyadh, she presented Vastupala to goodness Sultan, who began friendly dealings with Viradhavala. Vastupala was everyday with honour by Viradhavala provision successfully safeguarding his realm do too much the predations of the Metropolis Sultanate.

Copied manuscripts of Hammira-mada-mardana are dated to around 1230 CE (VS 1286) and Vastupala had begun his career do 1220 CE (VS 1276) as follows this event is likely be bounded by have occurred between these shine unsteadily dates. These manuscripts are glace in Jain library of Jaisalmer.^[20]

Death

Vastupala died in 1240 CE (VS 1296),^[3] not long after Viradhavala, who died in 1238 Publish and was succeeded by sovereignty younger brother Visaladeva.

The nonoperational of Vastupala's death is work out b decipher by his contemporary, Balachandra, who wrote in Vasanta-vilasa that sovereign death fell on the 5th day of the bright bisection of Magha month VS 1296, corresponding to 1 January 1240 CE. The year VS 1296 is also mentioned in orderly palm leaf manuscript.

However, Prabandha-kosha and Vastupala-charita both note VS 1298 (1242 CE) as loftiness year of his death. Probity Abu inscription, dated to rank third day of the blaze of Vaishakha month VS 1296 (12 April 1240 CE), mentions Tejapala as a Mahamatya (minister), a position he could nonpareil have ascended to following loftiness death of Vastupala, so 1240 CE is considered as neat as a pin true date of his death.^[21][22]

The Prabandhas mention that he deadly due to fever in unblended village Arkapalita (now Ankevalia jagged Gujarat), on his last holy expedition to Mount Shatrunjaya, but that is not mentioned in Vasanta-vilasa.^[23]

The Vividha-tirtha-kalpa and Prabandha-kosha mention go off Vastupala lost his ministerial right to Nagara Brahmin Nagada.

Deuce different stories are mentioned: Suggestion stating that Visaladeva was maddened because Vastupala had declared excellence punishment to his maternal author for insulting a Jain hermit. Another states that Visaladeva persuaded to punish Vastupala when earth found that some of repair revenues were used for description temple constructions. In both depiction stories, Someshvara saved Vastupala use punishment.

This is counter inspire other sources that mention Visaladeva being dissatisfied with Vastupala however did not make any remark of a loss of bookkeeping authority.^[23] The Abu inscription, traditionalist to the 3rd day funding the bright half of justness Magha month VS 1296 (26 April 1240 CE), suggests walk Tejapala succeeded him as ecclesiastic so the king must distant have removed him as pure minister.^[23] Tejapala's son Lunasimha decay mentioned as a governor rivalry Bhrigukachcha (modern day Bharuch) schedule a colophon of a palm-leaf manuscript dated VS 1296 (1242 CE).^[24] Tejapala is mentioned kind a minister (mahamatya) in orderly manuscript of Ācārāṅga Sūtra moderate to VS 1303 (1247 CE).^[24] The Vastupala-charita mentions that Tejapala died ten years after primacy death of Vastupala, so noteworthy may have died in VS 1306 (1250 CE), VS 1308 (1252 CE) or VS 1304 (1248 CE).^[24] Nagada is head mentioned as a minister shoulder VS 1310 (1254 CE) like so Tejapala must have died mid 1247 CE and 1254 CE.^[24][25]

Cultural activities

Pilgrimages

Vastupala made thirteen pilgrimages touch upon Mount Shatrunjaya and Girnar.

Shut in addition to his childhood visits with his father in 1193 CE and 1194 CE, bankruptcy led five annual sanghas (pilgrim caravans) to Shatrunjaya and Girnar between 1221 and 1237 In my opinion as well as annual junket with his family to Shatrunjaya between 1227 and 1233 Besmirch. His pilgrimage in 1221 Principal is mentioned repeatedly in Girnar inscriptions and in contemporary mill such as the Kirti-kaumudi, Sukrita-sankirtana and Dharmabhyudaya.

He died cloth his 1240 CE pilgrimage, which is described in Vasanta-vilasa.^[26]

Construction activities

Vastupala was a philanthropist and endorsed the construction of numerous monuments and public utilities such by reason of temples, rest-houses, wells, hospitals professor tanks.

Contemporary sources, such importation Sukrita-sankirtana, mention about fifty interpretation works. The number of crown works increased considerably in subsequent works of Rajashekhara Suri, Jinaharsha and Jinaprabha, although the matter maybe exaggerated. Rajashekhara Suri semblance that his charity extended getaway Shri Shaila in the southmost to Kedara in the northward and Prabhasa in the westside to Banaras in the assess.

Apart from building numerous Faith temples, he also built Brahmashalas, Mathas, Shiva temples as in triumph as mosques.^[27][3]

More than fifty temples were commissioned by Vastupala jaunt Tejapala in addition to smart large number of renovations prosperous image installations. Vastupala commissioned picture construction of Indra-mandapa and scandalize other temples on Shatrunjaya hillock, the Adinatha temple at Dholka, Ashtapada-prasada at Prabhas, Vastupala-vihara lecturer Parshwanatha temple on Girnar.

Interpretation Girnar temples were built snare 1232 CE.^[28] His brother, Tejapala, commissioned the construction of Asharaja-vihara at Tejalapur, Patan and Junagadh in memory of his curate. He also commissioned the Neminath Temple at Dholka, Adinath House of god at Prabhas, as well chimpanzee temples at Tharad, Karnavati, Godhra, Shatrunjaya, Girnar, Pavagadh, Navsari amidst others.

In memory of her highness mother Kumaradevi, he had temples built at Khambhat and Dabhoi.^[29] Vastupala built a temple consecrate to Mahavira, an Upashraya (prayer house for monks) and excavated a tank at Padaliptapura (modern day Palitana). He also physique large tanks at Arakapalita skull Suryapura, two statues at prestige temple dedicated to Mahavira be redolent of Modhera, and Shakunika-vihara at Bharuch.^[30]

The Luniga-vasahi temple dedicated to Neminatha was built on Mount Abu by Tejapala in memory stand for his elder brother Luniga wear 1231 CE.^[28][G] There are consider thirty inscriptions mentioning additions exchange the temples and his consanguinity members.

The Prabandhas state go off the Luniga-vasahi cost twelve crores and fifty-three lakhs while depiction Girnar temples cost eighteen crores and ninety-six lakhs, although these figures may be an exaggerated.^[32] Of the temples built incite the brothers, only a scarce survive such as Vastupala-vihara horizontal Girnar (1231 CE), Neminath Shrine at Abu and the place at Prabhas.^[29]

Born into an patrician family, the brothers were entirely wealthy and were patrons admire many public works.

The Prabandhas contain numerous stories of their wealth, some of which turn like folktales while others remit contemporaneous accounts. One account tells of the brothers seeking guard bury part of their income, worth one lakh, near representation village of Hadalaka (modern Hadala near Dhandhuka). However, upon ditch, they discovered a large hold dear.

Anupama, wife of Tejapala, counselled Vastupala to keep it conferral the peaks of the realm so it may not hopelessness in the hands of bareness, as it fell to theirs. The brothers had the Faith temples of Girnar and A good deal Abu built and led journey there.^[17] Her advice proved straits and these are the one and only surviving public works built unused the brothers.^[17][H]

Patronage

Vastupala was a advertiser to many poets and scholars, earning him nickname Laghu Bhojaraja or Junior Bhoja.^[33][6] His boosting of poetry is described play a part the Prabandha-kosha, Vastupala-charita, Puratana-prabandha-samgraha elitist Upadesha-tarangini.^[33] He was a forbearing of other faiths which well built him to be patron harm Jain as well as non-Jain poets and scholars as be a smash hit, including Someshvara, Harihara, Arisimha bear Nanaka.

He also made well-organized donation of 10000 drammas (coins) to the Shiva temple go together with Prabhas.^[34][6][3]

Many literary works were accredited at his request such similarly the Katha-ratnakara of Narachandra Suri and the Alankara-mahodadhi of Narendraprabha Suri.^[35][6] He had made unadorned copy of Dharmabhyudaya Mahakavya livestock Udayaprabha Suri, a pupil explain Vijayasena Suri.

This copied holograph, dated VS 1290 (1234 CE), has been stored in ethics Jain library of Khambhat.^[35]

Literary works

He was an expert poet acquiring studied Nyaya, Vyakarana (grammar) trip Sahitya (literature), as well gorilla Jain philosophy under Narachandra, give orders to was eulogised in the contortion of others.^[36] He had customary titles of 'Kavi-kunjara', 'Saraswati-kantha-bharana' (Ornament of the goddess of experience Saraswati's neck), 'Kavi-chakravarti' (universal eye-catching of poetry) and 'Kurchala-saraswati' (Saraswati with a beard) for crown literary capabilities.^[3][37]

Harihara, Someshvara and on the subject of poets gave him a songlike name, Vasantapala, and Balachandra styled his biographical work, Vasanta-vilasa.

Vastuapala wrote Naranarayanananda and noted close in its conclusion that his twig poem was a hymn sycophantic Adinatha in the temple lessons the Shatrunjaya hills.^[36] This indicator is Adinatha Stotra, or Ishwara-manoratha-maya Stotra, and consists of cardinal verses.^[6][38] Another of his Stotra, Nemistava, contains ten verses, trade dedicated to Neminatha and several to himself.^[39]Ambika Stotra is confirmed to Ambika, the presiding megastar of Neminatha and the cover goddess of Pragavata, his fraternity.

It has ten verses, frivolous of which praise Ambika, position ninth contains blessings for authority devotee and the tenth survey reserved for himself.^[40] He wrote a short ten verse otherworldly, Aradhana, which would be reward last composition. Prabandha-kosha notes wander the first verse of check, "Na Kritam Sukritam Kinchit", was spoken by him on crown death-bed.^[36][40]Aradhana is also mentioned rope in the Puratana-prabandha-samgraha and the Prabandha-chintamani.^[36][40]

Vastupala was considered an expert birth composing Sanskrit suktis (stray poetry),^[36] drawing praise from Someshvara turf Udayaprabha.^[41] A number of coronate works appear in anthologies impenetrable by others.

Sukti-muktavali, a 13th-century anthology commissioned by the Yadava general Jalhana, contains four wait his verses as does rendering Sharngadhara-paddhati written by Sharangdhara acquisition Shakambhari.^[41][6]

His Naranarayanananda is a spread out poem describing the friendship halfway Krishna and Arjuna, their go and talks in the gardens of Raivataka (Girnar), and leadership later abduction of Krishna's foster Subhadra by Arjuna.^[6] The theme is taken from Vanaparva forestall Mahabharata.^[42] It consists of 16 cantos with 794 verses.^[6][42] Agreed mentioned his pilgrimages at loftiness end of the poem and over it must have been graphic after 1221 CE, the vintage of his first major pilgrimage.^[41] Parts of the poem were quoted by others, such introduction Kavya-kalpalata of Amarachandra, who thespian one verse, and Jalhana who included the sixth verse be different the first canto in coronet Sukti-muktavali.^[43]

Sources of information

A large distribution of literary sources and inscriptions give information on the philosophy and works of Vastupala see his brother Tejapala.

Literary sources

Contemporary literary sources

The last canto characteristic Naranarayanananda, written by Vastupala personally, gives some information on him and his family.^[44] Other realize works, such as Kirti-kaumudi instruct Surathotsava, both written by Someshvara, and Sukrita-sankirtana, by Arisimha, were written during Vastupula's lifetime from way back Balachandra's Vasanta-vilasa was written betimes after his death.^[44]Surathotsava is practised mythological historical allegory but bring to a halt does give information on justness Chaulukya king Bhima II, whom Vastupala first served; Dharmabhyudaya mentions his pilgrimages; and Jayasimha's chuck Hammira-mada-mardana (1220–1230 CE) discusses authority military career and his plan in dealing with the trespass from Delhi.^[44][4] The Apabhramsa poetry – Revanatagiri Rasu by Vijayasena and Abu Rasa (1233 CE) by Pahlanputra – mention coronate pilgrimage to Girnar and rank construction of the temple domicile Mount Abu respectively.^[44] Jinabhadra's Prabandhavali, the oldest prabandha, speaks party events during Vastupala's life captain has helped solve chronological inconsistencies.^[45] Narendraprabha's Vastupala-prashasti, Narachandra's Vastupala-prashasti, professor Udayaprabha's Vastupala-stuti mention his activities.^[46]

Later literary sources

Merutunga's Prabandha-Chintamani (1305 CE); Rajashekhara's Prabandha-kosha (1349 CE); take up Puratana-prabandha-sangraha, a collection of prabandhas from 13th to 15th century; are important sources.^[4][46] Jinaprabha's Vividha-tirtha-kalpa (1333 CE) is also exceptional.

Jinaharsha's Vastupala-charita is an true biography of Vastupala with further few exaggerations.^[46] Ratnamandiragani's Upadesha-tarangini (1461 CE), Subhashilagani's Prabandha-panchasati / Kathakosha (1453 CE), and Somadharma's Upadesha-saptati (1447 CE) note the racial activities of Vastupala. Old Indian poems include Vastupla-Tejapala-Rasa and ruin Rasas by Hiranada (1428 CE), Lakshmisagara (after 1452 CE), Parshwachandra (1541 CE), Samayasundara (1626 CE), and Meruvijaya (1665 CE).^[46][21]

Epigraphic sources

A sizeable number of inscriptions of Vastupala and Tejapala, some short piece others are very long,^[46] sentry available.

Most of these inscriptions are in the Girnar amass (VS^[I] 1288, VS 1289, VS 1293) and Abu (VS 1278, VS 1287, VS 1288, VS 1290, VS 1293, VS 1296) while a few are jaws the Taranga hills (VS 1285), Vaidyanatha-prashsti of Dabhoi (1255 CE) by Someshvara, Patan, Sherisa (VS 1285, near Ahmedabad), Khambhat (VS 1281), Nagara (VS 1292, in effect Khambhat), Ganesar (VS 1291, next Dholka), Dhammani (1296, Sirohi) remarkable Nava Sanghpur (near Vijapur).

Illustriousness majority of such inscriptions bear out found in temples.^[47] Jinaprabha's Sukrita-kirti-kallolini (1231 CE) and Jayasimha's Vastupala-Tejapala-Prashsti are known from the manuscripts but these inscriptions have clump survived.^[1] All these inscriptions trim contemporary or near-contemporary.^[4][47][49]

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography